{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T05:59:50Z","timestamp":1771739990997,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JPMJFR200I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJFR200I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20H00102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20H00102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["24K02709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K02709"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Brain temperature is an important determinant of neurological outcomes in ill infants, yet contributions of environmental temperature and cerebral blood flow remain uncovered because of the lack of non-invasive probes. Methods: Using non-invasive cot-side probes, we examined how cerebral blood flow influences brain temperature during mild cold stress induced by incubator-to-cot transfer. We studied 43 clinically stable infants in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit. After cot transfer, infants were routinely fitted with knit caps and wrapped in cotton blankets. Scalp and superficial and deep brain temperatures were measured using infrared and zero-heat-flux thermometers, and superior vena cava (SVC) flow\u2014a proxy for cerebral blood flow\u2014was assessed using Doppler velocimetry before, immediately after, and 2 h after transfer, adjusting for rectal temperature. Results: Ambient temperature decreased from 29.7 (SD 0.8) \u00b0C to 26.8 (SD 0.9) \u00b0C, while rectal temperature remained stable. Scalp and brain temperatures declined after transfer but superficial and deep brain temperatures returned to baseline after 2 h of cap use. The regression coefficient between SVC flow and superficial brain temperature shifted from \u22120.176 (95% CI, \u22120.386 to 0.035) to 0.239 (\u22120.280 to 0.759) after transfer (difference: 0.415 [0.106 to 0.724]; p = 0.009), and then returned to baseline after 2 h (\u22120.079 [\u22120.528 to 0.372]). Conclusions: Relationships between brain temperature and perfusion were successfully monitored using non-invasive cot-side biosensors; cerebral blood flow appears to shift from facilitating heat dissipation in warm conditions to supporting heat delivery during cold stress. These findings underscore the physiological role of cerebral blood flow in maintaining brain temperature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16020127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T10:32:37Z","timestamp":1771583557000},"page":"127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigating Roles of Cerebral Blood Flow to Maintain Thermal Stability of Neonatal Brain Against Cold Stress Using Non-Invasive Probes for Brain Perfusion and Temperature Gradient"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sachiko","family":"Iwata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Development and Family Science, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7323-5260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kennosuke","family":"Tsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Development and Family Science, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6719-1241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahiro","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Paediatrics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6911-3351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinji","family":"Saitoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Development and Family Science, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9277-1109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osuke","family":"Iwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Development and Family Science, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beletew, B., Mengesha, A., Wudu, M., and Abate, M. (2020). Prevalence of neonatal hypothermia and its associated factors in East Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pediatr., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02024-w"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.2007.00149.x","article-title":"Thermoregulation and heat loss prevention after birth and during neonatal intensive-care unit stabilization of extremely low-birthweight infants","volume":"36","author":"Knobel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs. JOGNN"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e643","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0943","article-title":"Admission temperature of low birth weight infants: Predictors and associated morbidities","volume":"119","author":"Laptook","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11912","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15979-w","article-title":"Admission temperature of very low birth weight infants and outcomes at three years old","volume":"12","author":"Kato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"CD004210","article-title":"Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and\/or low birth weight infants","volume":"2","author":"McCall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(69)90236-4","article-title":"A comparative study of the role of the cerebral arterial blood in the regulation of brain temperature in five mammals","volume":"16","author":"Hayward","year":"1969","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Wang, B., Normoyle, K.P., Jackson, K., Spitler, K., Sharrock, M.F., Miller, C.M., Best, C., Llano, D., and Du, R. (2014). Brain temperature and its fundamental properties: A review for clinical neuroscientists. Front. Neurosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00307"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"8P","article-title":"A new technique for monitoring the deep body temperature in man from the intact skin surface","volume":"212","author":"Fox","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2014.2385103","article-title":"Unobtrusive Monitoring of Neonatal Brain Temperature Using a Zero-Heat-Flux Sensor Matrix","volume":"20","author":"Atallah","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukaya, S., Iwata, S., Tsuda, K., Hirose, A., Kinoshita, M., Saitoh, S., and Iwata, O. (2024). Body Size, Cerebral Blood Flow, Ambient Temperature, and Relative Brain Temperatures in Newborn Infants under Incubator Care. Biosensors, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14040209"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2014.05.010","article-title":"Dual role of cerebral blood flow in regional brain temperature control in the healthy newborn infant","volume":"37","author":"Iwata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/00003643-199607000-00006","article-title":"Temperatures measured by a deep body thermometer (Coretemp) compared with tissue temperatures measured at various depths using needles placed into the sole of the foot","volume":"13","author":"Matsukawa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F182","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.82.3.F182","article-title":"Superior vena cava flow in newborn infants: A novel marker of systemic blood flow","volume":"82","author":"Kluckow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(78)90054-3","article-title":"Head circumference, biparietal diameter and brain growth in fetal and postnatal life","volume":"2","author":"Dobbing","year":"1978","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F181","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.87.3.F181","article-title":"Which to measure, systemic or organ blood flow? Middle cerebral artery and superior vena cava flow in very preterm infants","volume":"87","author":"Evans","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101561","article-title":"Contactless Thermometry by MRI and MRS: Advanced Methods for Thermotherapy and Biomaterials","volume":"23","author":"Lutz","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53485-9.00006-4","article-title":"Brain perfusion: Computed tomography and magnetic resonance techniques","volume":"135","author":"Copen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2356","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2113-8621","article-title":"Superior Vena Cava Flow in Preterm Infants and Neonatal Outcomes: A Systematic Review","volume":"41","author":"Gautam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10237","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.172399499","article-title":"Appraising the brain\u2019s energy budget","volume":"99","author":"Raichle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2013.05.011","article-title":"Evaluation of cerebral circulation and oxygen metabolism in infants using near-infrared light","volume":"36","author":"Kusaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-009-0352-6","article-title":"Body and brain temperature coupling: The critical role of cerebral blood flow","volume":"179","author":"Zhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comp. physiology. B Biochem. Syst. Environ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2018.05.004","article-title":"The Critical Role of the Central Autonomic Nervous System in Fetal-Neonatal Transition","volume":"28","author":"Mulkey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okken, A., and Koch, J. (1995). Thermoregulation of Sick and Low Birth Weight Neonates, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-79934-1"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000162850.44897.c6","article-title":"Therapeutic hypothermia for hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in the newborn infant","volume":"18","author":"Thoresen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(02)00057-X","article-title":"The effects of temperature on hypoxic-ischemic brain injury","volume":"29","author":"Laptook","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.268953","article-title":"Integrative regulation of human brain blood flow","volume":"592","author":"Willie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340051238","article-title":"Relationship between intracranial pressure, mild hypothermia and temperature-corrected PaCO2 in patients with traumatic brain injury","volume":"26","author":"Vigue","year":"2000","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.4.1140","article-title":"Focal physiological uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism during somatosensory stimulation in human subjects","volume":"83","author":"Fox","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(02)02264-6","article-title":"The neural basis of functional brain imaging signals","volume":"25","author":"Attwell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/16\/2\/127\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T05:14:39Z","timestamp":1771737279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/16\/2\/127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["bios16020127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios16020127","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]}}}