{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:07:21Z","timestamp":1792066041658,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JKF-2025086684620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JKF-2025086684620"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2024ZD0525700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZD0525700"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bladder cancer (BCa) is a major global urinary tract malignancy characterized by high incidence, frequent recurrence, and significant mortality. Early diagnosis is crucial for improving prognosis and minimizing invasive procedures; however, current standard techniques, cystoscopy and urine cytology, are limited by invasiveness, cost, low sensitivity, and subjectivity. This has spurred the development of non-invasive diagnostic strategies based on urine analysis. This review highlights five emerging approaches: AI-augmented urine cytology, genomic biomarker assays (e.g., PCR and NGS for mutations and copy-number variations), DNA methylation profiling, RNA biomarkers (mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA), and protein\/peptide\/metabolite detection utilizing ELISA, SERS, nanozymes, and mass spectrometry. We assess the diagnostic accuracy, innovations, and clinical potential of each, while addressing persisting issues such as lack of standardization, high costs, and insufficient sensitivity for early-stage lesions. Future directions include integrating multi-omics data with AI, advancing point-of-care devices, and conducting large-scale multicenter trials. Together, these developments promise to shift BCa management toward molecular-based early detection, enabling more precise, non-invasive, and personalized patient care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16030171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T09:44:41Z","timestamp":1773999881000},"page":"171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Non-Invasive Urine-Based Diagnostic Technologies for Early Bladder Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhe","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"National Medical Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Advanced Medical Devices (Interdiscipline of Medicine and Engineering), Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhua","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"National Medical Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Advanced Medical Devices (Interdiscipline of Medicine and Engineering), Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China"},{"name":"Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqing","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China"},{"name":"Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2774-6270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China"},{"name":"Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filho, A.M., Briganti, A., Jemal, A., and Bray, F. 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