{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T10:03:10Z","timestamp":1774260190476,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23HC1400302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23HC1400302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Modern Agricultural Machinery Equipment and Technology Promotion Project","award":["NJ2025-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJ2025-11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a low-cost, small-scale single-chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) toxicity biosensor fabricated on a printed circuit board (PCB) and a 3D-printed chamber with a volume of 120 \u03bcL. The anode consists of a screen-printed carbon electrode on the PCB, while the air cathode is a carbon paper electrode. To address poor adhesion of microorganisms to the smooth anode surface, femtosecond laser processing was used to fabricate a micropore array with 40 \u03bcm pores on the electrode. This method can create micropores on the anode surface without damaging the screen-printed electrodes, the PCB substrate, or the pads. These micropores increase the anode\u2019s surface area and hydrophilicity, allowing more microbial coatings to firmly adhere to its surface. In this study, the MFC utilised Rhizobium rosettiformans W3, extracted from activated sludge at a wastewater treatment plant, as the anode microorganism. Its aerobic nature simplifies the design of MFCs, enabling a single-chamber structure and miniaturisation. Using formaldehyde solution as a toxicity sample to test the biosensor\u2019s performance, a 0.1% concentration significantly reduced the sensor\u2019s output power.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16030179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T08:47:42Z","timestamp":1774255662000},"page":"179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Femtosecond Laser Micropore-Enhanced Miniaturised PCB-Based Microbial Fuel Cell Biosensor for Toxicity Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9341-6352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tong","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China"},{"name":"Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongxian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hebin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenbin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China"},{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai 201210, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ningran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China"},{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai 201210, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1255-2764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijuan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China"},{"name":"Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianlong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China"},{"name":"Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5181","DOI":"10.1021\/es0605016","article-title":"Microbial Fuel Cells: Methodology and Technology","volume":"40","author":"Logan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. 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