{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T21:28:22Z","timestamp":1778880502223,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Plan Project of Shenzhen","award":["JCYJ20220530160017037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20220530160017037"]}]},{"name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen Nanshan District","award":["SZSM202103001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZSM202103001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As surgery is the first-line paradigm for many solid tumors, precision in preoperative diagnosis and intraoperative imaging is of significant importance. Dual MRI and NIR-II fluorescence imaging could fulfill precision imaging requirements in treating cancers, because of its deep penetration and real-time high spatiotemporal resolution. Thus, the design of dual MRI\/NIR-II fluorescence contrast agents is crucial for the diagnosis and surgery of cancers. Herein, we developed optically transparent NaGdF4 matrix-based downshifting nanoparticles (DSNPs) co-doped with Nd3+, Yb3+, and Er3+ as a single nanoplatform for dual NIR-II fluorescence and T1-weighted MRI. Systematic dopant engineering reveals that optimal Nd3+ loading enhances cascade Nd \u2192 Yb \u2192 Er energy transfer and yields intense NIR-II emission at 1334 and 1521 nm upon 808 nm excitation with a relative quantum yield of 1.55, while the presence of Gd3+ in the optically transparent matrix imparts strong T1 contrast (4.98 s\u22121 mM\u22121). The Pluronic F-127 surface coating confers colloidal stability and biocompatibility. In vitro assays confirm negligible cytotoxicity and efficient cellular uptake. In vivo studies in subcutaneous 4T1 tumor-bearing mice demonstrate robust accumulation, high tumor-to-background contrast in both MRI\/NIR-II fluorescence and enable precise NIR-II fluorescence imaging-guided surgery with real-time margin visualization. Therefore, dopant-engineered DSNPs represent a promising dual-modal imaging agent for deep-tissue diagnostic and real-time surgical guidance in precision oncology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16030180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T11:59:36Z","timestamp":1774267176000},"page":"180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dopant-Engineered Downshifting Nanoparticles with Dual NIR-II Fluorescence and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Diagnosis and Image-Guided Surgery of Breast Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8715-7871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zia","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mu","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lihong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Education Center of Experiments and Innovations, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yibin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqian","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingsi","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Education Center of Experiments and Innovations, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Education Center of Experiments and Innovations, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7981-0644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shenzhen Baoan Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-025-02103-7","article-title":"The multi-kingdom cancer microbiome","volume":"10","author":"Dohlman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03132-1","article-title":"Benmelstobart, anlotinib and chemotherapy in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: A randomized phase 3 trial","volume":"30","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-024-00704-y","article-title":"Hidden triplet states at hybrid organic\u2013inorganic interfaces","volume":"10","author":"Bao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412970","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202412970","article-title":"Insights into molecular lanthanide complexes: Construction, properties and bioimaging and biosensing applications","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-024-01286-4","article-title":"Magnetic-susceptibility-dependent ratiometric probes for enhancing quantitative MRI","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20221","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202520221","article-title":"Ferroptosis-Impelled NIR Cyanine Dyes in Situ Generation Enabled Zero-Background Fluorescence Imaging and Precise Surgical Tumor Excision","volume":"138","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409041","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202409041","article-title":"A NIR-II Organic Dendrimer with Superb Photothermal Performance Based on Electron-Donor Iteration for Photothermal Immunotherapy","volume":"36","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46853-0","article-title":"Ultra-photostable small-molecule dyes facilitate near-infrared biophotonics","volume":"15","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madni, M., Ullah, Z., Jiang, H., Roy, J., Yan, Y., Chen, D., Jin, Z., Wu, X., Lan, Y., and Wang, S. (2026). Unraveling the Hidden Balance between Quantum Confinement and Structural Modifications in Near-Infrared Fluorescent Carbon Dots. Chem. Biomed. Imaging.","DOI":"10.1021\/cbmi.5c00234"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03966-3","article-title":"Macrovascular tumor infiltration and circulating tumor cell cluster dynamics in patients with cancer approaching the end of life","volume":"31","author":"Newcomer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202318976","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202318976","article-title":"Unearthing Superior Inorganic UV Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Materials: A Mineral-Inspired Method Integrating First-Principles High-Throughput Screening and Crystal Engineering","volume":"63","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47871","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c11767","article-title":"Convergent Evolution: Self-Assembly of Small Molecule, Polymeric, and Inorganic Contrast Agents toward Advanced MRI","volume":"147","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201158","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202201158","article-title":"D\u2013A type NIR-II organic molecules: Strategies for the enhancement fluorescence brightness and applications in NIR-II fluorescence imaging-navigated photothermal therapy","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202507765","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202507765","article-title":"Activatable Fluorescence\/Photoacoustic Macromolecular Probe for Imaging of Tumor-Associated Natural Killer Cells","volume":"64","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202112237","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202112237","article-title":"An activatable hybrid organic\u2013inorganic nanocomposite as early evaluation system of therapy effect","volume":"134","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202318485","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202318485","article-title":"DOTA-Based Plectin-1 Targeted Contrast Agent Enables Detection of Pancreatic Cancer in Human Tissue","volume":"136","author":"Gazzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10697","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202510697","article-title":"NIR-II Fluorescence and Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Efficient Piezodynamic Therapy of Subcutaneous Glioblastoma with a Biomimetic Nanoplatform Containing Defect-Engineered Piezoelectric Shell and Downconversion Nanocore","volume":"21","author":"Ullah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309955","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202309955","article-title":"Achieving Cross Time-Domain Multiplexed Signal Cascade and Cancer Exosomes Identification by Bridging Long Lifetime Phosphor to NIR-II Lanthanide Energy Transfer","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201000128","article-title":"A strategy to achieve efficient dual-mode luminescence of Eu3+ in lanthanides doped multifunctional NaGdF4 nanocrystals","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4392","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CS00227F","article-title":"Near-infrared metal agents assisting precision medicine: From strategic design to bioimaging and therapeutic applications","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3843","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200600974","article-title":"Crystal phase control of luminescing \u03b1-NaGdF4: Eu3+ and \u03b2-NaGdF4: Eu3+ nanocrystals","volume":"17","author":"Ptacek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-023-00576-4","article-title":"Advances in PET imaging of cancer","volume":"23","author":"Schwenck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55096-y","article-title":"NIR-II-excited off-on-off fluorescent nanoprobes for sensitive molecular imaging in vivo","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5616","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.112204","article-title":"Inorganic and hybrid nanomaterials for NIR-II fluorescence imaging-guided therapy of Glioblastoma and perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302687","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202302687","article-title":"Integrating Fluorescence and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Biocompatible Scaffold for Real-Time Bone Repair Monitoring and Assessment","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101914","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202101914","article-title":"Cell-Derived Biomimetic 2D Nanoparticles to Improve Cell-Specific Targeting and Tissue Penetration for Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6345","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CS00124E","article-title":"Fluorescent small molecule donors","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05130-0","article-title":"Tracking single adatoms in liquid in a transmission electron microscope","volume":"609","author":"Clark","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501884","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202501884","article-title":"Atomic Rare-Earth Gd-N-C Nanosheets with Low f-d-p Hybridization Energy for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction","volume":"35","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125602","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/21\/12\/125602","article-title":"Seed-mediated synthesis of NaY F4: Y b, Er\/NaGdF4 nanocrystals with improved upconversion fluorescence and MR relaxivity","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7476","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202005899","article-title":"NIR-II AIEgens: A win\u2013win integration towards bioapplications","volume":"60","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900917","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201900917","article-title":"Recent advances on activatable NIR-II fluorescence probes for biomedical imaging","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabm4389","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abm4389","article-title":"Autonomous push button\u2013controlled rapid insulin release from a piezoelectrically activated subcutaneous cell implant","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2025.116987","article-title":"High-fluoride-induced rapid synthesis and universal modulation of hexagonal phase NaYF4","volume":"164","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400153","DOI":"10.1002\/adpr.202400153","article-title":"Downshifting Layer of Europium-Doped NaGdF4: From the Optimization of the Sol\u2013Gel Process to the Luminescent Properties","volume":"6","author":"Pellegrino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Photonics Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.143117","article-title":"The photocatalytic application of Gd (OH) 3\/Cd0. 8Zn0. 2S nanocomposites in U (VI) reduction","volume":"466","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2021.162067","article-title":"The dynamic variation of upconversion luminescence dependent on shell Yb3+ contents in NaYF4: Yb3+, Tm3+@ NaYF4: Yb3+, Er3+ nanoparticles","volume":"891","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e06126","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202506126","article-title":"Enhancing Thermal Sensitivity of NIR-IIb Lanthanide Nanothermometers for In Vivo Luminescence Nanothermometry via Erbium Sublattice-Mediated Energy Recycling","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, Y. (2025). Mechanism in Rare-Earth-Doped Luminescence Nanomaterials. Photofunctional Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications, Wiley Online Library.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527845347.ch2"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TB02023A","article-title":"Nd 3+-doped LiYF 4 nanocrystals for bio-imaging in the second near-infrared window","volume":"4","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xin, Y., Xiao, X., Wang, J., Abbas, N., Zhang, S., Han, Y., Tang, J., Skripka, A., and Zhang, Z. (2025). Multi-Ion Doping in Low-Phonon-Energy Nd3+ Based Double Perovskite Unlocks Multimodal Anti-Counterfeiting and High-Performance Optical Thermometry. Adv. Funct. Mater., e25789.","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202525789"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pusdekar, A., Ugemuge, N., and Dhoble, S.J. (2024). Rare earth-doped phosphors for luminescence-based optical thermometers. Luminescent Thermometers, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781032661537-6"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304237","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202304237","article-title":"Luminescence-based infrared thermal sensors: Comprehensive insights","volume":"20","author":"Fahad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3765","DOI":"10.1039\/D4BM00410H","article-title":"Fluorescence imaging-guided surgery: Current status and future directions","volume":"12","author":"Ullah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300684","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202300684","article-title":"An Adaptable Nanoprobe Integrated with Quantitative T1-Mapping MRI for Accurate Differential Diagnosis of Multidrug-Resistant Lung Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2025.135839","article-title":"Lanthanide-induced defect-engineered BTO nanoparticles as ultrasound-driven reusable piezocatalysts for degradation of organic dyes, antibiotics, and bacterial pathogens for comprehensive wastewater treatment","volume":"382","author":"Bag","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306446","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202306446","article-title":"Tumor Microenvironment\u2013Activated Nanostructure to Enhance MRI Capability and Nanozyme Activity for Highly Tumor-Specific Multimodal Theranostics","volume":"20","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5470","DOI":"10.1039\/D5CS00136F","article-title":"Bioengineered nanomaterials for dynamic diagnostics in vivo","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411906","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202411906","article-title":"Defect-Engineered Biomimetic Piezoelectric Nanocomposites with Enhanced ROS Production, Macrophage Re-polarization, and Ca2+ Channel Activation for Therapy of MRSA-Infected Wounds and Osteomyelitis","volume":"21","author":"Roy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2025.07.289","article-title":"Chitosan cloaked MWCNT-kaolinite bio-nanocomposite for energy generation and ultrasound driven ROS induced degradation of organic dyes and pathogen","volume":"51","author":"Mondal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2025.111535","article-title":"Ultrasound-powered piezoelectric hydrogel enables dual piezodynamic-chemodynamic therapy and immunomodulation against bacteria-infected burn wounds","volume":"146","author":"Roy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204034","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202204034","article-title":"Emerging biomaterials imaging antitumor immune response","volume":"34","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, J., Madni, M., Sau, A., Basu, R., and Das, S. (2025). Advances and crosslinking of the piezoelectric nanoplatform: Exploring the multifunctionality in different biomedical applications. Front. Chem., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2025.1714203"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11184","DOI":"10.1039\/D5CS00063G","article-title":"Construction and optimization of organic fluorophores in NIR-II fluorescence imaging","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.121302","article-title":"Imiquimod-gemcitabine nanoparticles harness immune cells to suppress breast cancer","volume":"280","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28214-x","article-title":"Live-dead assay on unlabeled cells using phase imaging with computational specificity","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202506666","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202506666","article-title":"A Photothermal Nano-Switch for Tumor-Selective Wnt Hyperactivation in Vivo","volume":"137","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00506","article-title":"Nanocrystals for deep-tissue in vivo luminescence imaging in the near-infrared region","volume":"124","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04460","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202504460","article-title":"Photo-Controlled MUC1 Ablation via Steric Locking of Turn-On Reactors Enhances Pyroptosis-Immunotherapy of Triple Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, Z., Roy, S., Gu, J., Ko Soe, S., Jin, J., and Guo, B. (2024). NIR-II fluorescent probes for fluorescence-imaging-guided tumor surgery. Biosensors, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14060282"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S425511","article-title":"Serum uric acid is a better indicator of kidney impairment than serum uric acid-to-creatinine ratio and serum uric acid-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio: A cross-sectional study of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04924","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202504924","article-title":"Targeting Hyperglycemic Bone Pre-Metastatic Niche for Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/16\/3\/180\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T12:33:58Z","timestamp":1774269238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/16\/3\/180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["bios16030180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios16030180","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]}}}