{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:36:48Z","timestamp":1775198208727,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Droplet manipulation constitutes a fundamental operation in numerous bio-microfluidic applications, including but not limited to medical diagnostics and targeted drug delivery. Among the various technologies developed for this purpose, magnetic digital microfluidics (MDMF) has emerged as a compelling approach due to its inherent advantages of contamination-free actuation, low cost, and configurational flexibility. Nevertheless, conventional MDMF remains constrained by its reliance on bulky instrumentation and substantial power consumption for generating controllable magnetic fields, which limit its in-field applications. To address these limitations, this work presents a programmable and portable electromagnetic microfluidic droplet manipulation platform that synergistically integrates static and dynamic magnetic fields to enable non-contact, high-precision droplet control under ultra-low power conditions. The proposed system comprises an electromagnetic actuation module, a permanent magnet, and a glass substrate coated with Teflon film. The entire system is secured by a PMMA support structure, within which a glass substrate is mounted and spatially separated from the permanent magnet. The PMMA support is fabricated using a milling process, offering a simple manufacturing procedure and high structural reusability and reproducibility. The control logic is implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) development board, facilitating fully autonomous operation powered by a standard battery. The platform operates at a low voltage of 3.5 V and a driving current of 180 mA, corresponding to a total power consumption of merely 0.63 W, while achieving robust manipulation of droplets in the volume range of 0.5 to 5 \u03bcL. A maximum average droplet velocity of up to 0.6 cm\/s was attained under optimal conditions. The proposed platform offers a scalable and energy-efficient solution for portable droplet-based assays and holds significant promise for integration into point-of-care diagnostic tools and field-ready biochemical analysis systems. The platform demonstrates excellent operational stability and reproducibility, as validated by repeated actuation experiments with a positioning deviation of approximately 0.1 mm under optimized conditions. The fabrication process also exhibits high reliability with consistent performance across multiple experimental runs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16040196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T13:23:17Z","timestamp":1774963397000},"page":"196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Programmable and Portable Electromagnetic Microfluidic Platform for Droplet Manipulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chaoze","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201899, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2560-2417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shilun","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201899, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenshuai","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201899, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianlong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201899, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaozhe","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201899, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Frontier Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai 201108, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0420-0566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201899, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-005-3335-9","article-title":"Single-molecule fluorescence detection in microfluidic channels\u2014The Holy Grail in \u03bcTAS?","volume":"382","author":"Dittrich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. 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