{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T04:45:37Z","timestamp":1775969137697,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Capital\u2019s Funds for Health Improvement and Research","award":["CFH 2024-1G-4261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CFH 2024-1G-4261"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82373683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82373683"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Real-world evidence for wearable noninvasive glucose monitoring (NIGM) remains limited. To evaluate the functional equivalence of a wearable NIGM device and explore its utility for T2DM and prediabetes screening. In this multicenter study, 12-h daytime glucose profiles obtained by a flexible reverse iontophoresis-based electrochemical sensor were compared with capillary glucose using functional equivalence. Subgroup analyses were conducted. Screening models of T2DM and prediabetes were developed using elastic net and Logistic regression. A total of 135 participants (mean age 35.3 years; 60.0% female) were included, and no serious device-related adverse events were reported. Compared to the capillary measurements, functional equivalence was confirmed (T = \u22126.537 &lt; threshold = \u22122.081) in the general population but not in older adults or T2DM patients. The T2DM noninvasive screening model demonstrated discrimination and reclassification performance comparable to those of the capillary-based model (AUC: 0.906 vs. 0.850, NRI: 0.044, IDI: \u22120.078, p &gt; 0.05). Functional principal component scores facilitated the identification of prediabetes (AUC = 0.760). The device demonstrated acceptable accuracy and functional equivalence with reference methods. Its capability to detect T2DM and early glycemic anomalies supports its feasibility as a wearable, interpretative adjunct tool for large-scale screening in free-living populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16040214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T09:08:12Z","timestamp":1775812092000},"page":"214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Flexible Wearable Glucose Sensor for Noninvasive Diabetes Screening: Functional Equivalence and Model Interpretability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wenhan","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment and Aging, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment and Aging, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9232-8027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment and Aging, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Physical Examination Center, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0912-2624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yumei","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Physical Examination Center, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3986-1540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianxiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guohong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Physical Examination Center, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6657-6940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiuhua","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment and Aging, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"},{"name":"National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"},{"name":"School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaf177","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas 11th edition 2025: Global prevalence and projections for 2050","volume":"41","author":"Duncan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nephrol. 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