{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T01:50:15Z","timestamp":1787968215827,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025J01999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025J01999"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022J01945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022J01945"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flexible and wearable electronics require soft sensing materials that balance mechanical compliance, stable signal transduction, and durability for human\u2013machine interfaces (HMIs). To address the limitations of single-filler systems, we propose a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)\/aramid nanofiber (ANF)\/MXene organogel (PAM) as a multifunctional soft platform. This design integrates a PVA physically crosslinked network with ANF for mechanical reinforcement and MXene for electrical functionality. The optimized PAM composite exhibits outstanding mechanical properties, including a fracture stress of 2931 kPa, a fracture strain of 676%, and a fracture toughness of 9.04 MJ m\u22123. Importantly, PAM serves as a single material platform configurable into three sensing modalities. The resistive strain sensor achieves a gauge factor of 3.1 over 10\u2013100% strain and enables the reliable recognition of human joint movements and gestures. The capacitive pressure sensor delivers a sensitivity of 0.298 kPa\u22121, rapid response\/recovery times of 30\/10 ms, and is integrated with a wireless module to control a smart car. Furthermore, the PAM-based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) delivers excellent electrical outputs (Voc = 123 V, Isc = 0.52 \u03bcA, Qsc = 58 nC) and functions as a self-powered smart handwriting pad, achieving a machine-learning-based recognition accuracy of 97.6%. This work demonstrates the immense potential of the PAM organogel for advanced, self-powered HMIs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16040229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T12:01:22Z","timestamp":1776686482000},"page":"229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Highly Robust and Multimodal PVA\/Aramid Nanofiber\/MXene Organogel Sensors for Advanced Human\u2013Machine Interfaces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Guofan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leiting","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology and Chemistry, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zehong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology and Chemistry, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinye","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology and Chemistry, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5425-5194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peidi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Smart Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Marine Smart Equipment, Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yihan","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology and Chemistry, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3169-4290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingcen","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology and Chemistry, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3606","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.3c01512","article-title":"Recent Advances in Skin-Interfaced Wearable Sweat Sensors: Opportunities for Equitable Personalized Medicine and Global Health Diagnostics","volume":"8","author":"Clark","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-019-0235-0","article-title":"Self-Healing Soft Electronics","volume":"2","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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