{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:33:26Z","timestamp":1791329606453,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LMS25B050001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LMS25B050001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["LMS25B050001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LMS25B050001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04aqat463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Developing an ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection platform remains challenging due to the limited enrichment efficiency of ECL emitters and co-reactants at the electrode interface, as well as the insufficient catalytic enhancement of co-reactant conversion. Moreover, simultaneous in situ analyte enrichment and efficient anti-interference capability are often difficult to achieve in a single sensing interface. Herein, a new ECL platform was developed based on nanocatalyst-supported nanochannel-confined surfactant micelle (SM) system, which integrates an enhanced luminol-dissolved oxygen (DO) ECL response for the ultrasensitive detection of antibiotic rifampicin (RIF). A nanocomposite comprising nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots and a molybdenum disulfide nanosheet (NGQDs@MoS2) was modified on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. This nanocomposite layer catalyzed the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), boosting the co-reactant efficiency of DO. Vertically ordered mesoporous silica film filled with surfactant micelles (SM@VMSF) was subsequently grown in situ on the NGQDs@MoS2 surface. The hydrophobic micelles enable the simultaneous enrichment of luminol, DO, and RIF. Integrating the triple-enrichment effect of surfactant micelles with the high electrocatalytic effect of NGQDs@MoS2 nanocomposite results in significant ECL enhancement of the luminol\u2013DO. SM@VMSF also provides an excellent molecular sieving effect, endowing the sensor with high anti-interference capability and stability. RIF quenches the ECL signal by consuming superoxide anion radicals, enabling sensitive detection. Detection of RIF was established with a high sensitivity (2927 a.u. per nM) wide linear range (10 pM to 10 \u03bcM) and a low limit of detection (LOD, 2.5 pM). The fabricated sensor exhibits good selectivity and high fabrication reproducibility (relative standard deviation, RSD, of 1.9%). Additionally, the determination of RIF in eye drops and seawater samples was realized. This work offers new insights for the design of high-performance ECL sensing interfaces and sensitive detection of RIF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16050236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T17:04:59Z","timestamp":1776963899000},"page":"236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence by Nanocatalyst-Supported Nanochannel\u2013Surfactant Micelle Assembly for Ultrasensitive Detection of Rifampicin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongping","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2822-698X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14531","article-title":"Mechanism of anti-inflammatory effects of rifampicin in an ex vivo culture system of hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"31","author":"Haferland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fuac051","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuac051","article-title":"What the Hel: Recent advances in understanding rifampicin resistance in bacteria","volume":"47","author":"Borah","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2020.124755","article-title":"Cationic rifampicin nanoemulsion for the treatment of ocular tuberculosis","volume":"597","author":"Henostroza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Z., Huang, L., Zhang, L., Yu, Q., Lin, Y., Fei, H., Shen, H., and Huang, H. (2022). A simple and sensitive UPLC-UV method for simultaneous determination of isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and rifampicin in human plasma and its application in therapeutic drug monitoring. Front. Mol. Biosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.873311"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2024.342746","article-title":"A cutting-edge electrochemical sensing platform for the simultaneous determination of the residues of antimicrobial drugs, rifampicin and norfloxacin, in water samples","volume":"1312","author":"Adane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2022.121944","article-title":"Fluorescent folic acid-capped copper nanoclusters for the determination of rifampicin based on inner filter effect","volume":"286","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-024-06774-7","article-title":"Molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence sensor based on luminol functionalized Co-MOF for rifampicin detection","volume":"191","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-026-07914-x","article-title":"A low-background, high-output electrochemiluminescence aptasensor for ultrasensitive detection of small biomolecules","volume":"193","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, X., Zhang, T., Tang, H., and Liu, J. (2022). Novel electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence dual-modality sensing platform for sensitive determination of antimicrobial peptides based on probe encapsulated liposome and nanochannel array electrode. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.962736"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, T., Luo, X., Xi, F., and Yang, N. (2025). Simple nanochannel-modified electrode for sensitive detection of alkaline phosphatase through electrochemiluminescence signal quenching by enzymatic reaction. Biosensors, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15060377"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Xu, S., Lin, X., Liu, J., and Wang, K. (2023). Label-free electrochemical aptasensor based on the vertically-aligned mesoporous silica films for determination of aflatoxin B1. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13060661"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J., Zhang, T., Zheng, Y., and Liu, J. (2023). Dual-mode sensing platform for cancer antigen 15-3 determination based on a silica nanochannel array using electrochemiluminescence and electrochemistry. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13030317"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, J., Zhang, S., and Xi, F. (2025). Homogeneous aptasensor with electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence dual detection channels enabled by nanochannel-based probe enrichment and DNase I cleavage for tumor biomarker detection. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30030746"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2025.114671","article-title":"Boosted electrochemiluminescence of luminol\/oxygen by nanochannel-confined nanocatalyst for sensitive aptasensing of tumor biomarker","volume":"216","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202400320","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202400320","article-title":"Electrochemical\/electrochemiluminescence sensors based on vertically-ordered mesoporous silica films for biomedical analytical applications","volume":"25","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2026.120116","article-title":"Highly efficient electrochemiluminescence immunosensing of C-reactive protein based on the nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots confined in silica nanochannels as co-reaction accelerators","volume":"1012","author":"Fang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2026.119896","article-title":"Facile aptasensor with enhanced electrochemiluminescence by nanozyme in nanoporous silica film for highly sensitive detection of carbohydrate antigen 15-3","volume":"1006","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2025.112903","article-title":"Enhanced electrochemiluminescence of luminol at neutral medium using nanochannel-confined Co3O4 nanozyme for highly sensitive detection of tumor biomarker","volume":"209","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2024.127223","article-title":"Nanochannel confined graphene quantum dots\/platinum nanoparticles boosts electrochemiluminescence of luminol-O2 system for sensitive immunoassay","volume":"285","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, R., Zhao, Y., and Liu, J. (2024). Solid electrochemiluminescence sensor by immobilization of emitter ruthenium(II)tris(bipyridine) in bipolar silica nanochannel film for sensitive detection of oxalate in serum and urine. Nanomaterials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14050390"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, X., Zhang, Z., Zheng, Y., and Liu, J. (2024). Solid-phase electrochemiluminescence enzyme electrodes based on nanocage arrays for highly sensitive detection of cholesterol. Biosensors, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios14080403"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, F., Han, Q., and Xi, F. (2023). The fabrication of a probe-integrated electrochemiluminescence aptasensor based on double-layered nanochannel array with opposite charges for the sensitive determination of C-reactive protein. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28237867"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6149","DOI":"10.1039\/D3GC01822A","article-title":"2D layered materials: Structures, synthesis, and electrocatalytic applications","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pei, J., Jia, X., Xi, F., and Zhang, B. (2025). Sensitive immunosensing of melanoma biomarker based on enhanced electrochemiluminescence via electronic metal-support interactions. Front. Chem., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2025.1709420"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, C., Wang, H., and Liu, J. (2025). Highly sensitive electrochemical immunosensor based on methylene blue-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites as signal probes for IL-6 detection in gingival crevicular fluid samples. Front. Chem., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2025.1549927"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28976","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA03623A","article-title":"Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet supported silica nanochannel film for enhanced electrochemiluminescence sensing of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and prochloraz","volume":"14","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, Z., Zhang, J., and Li, S. (2023). Molybdenum disulfide as tunable electrochemical and optical biosensing platforms for cancer biomarker detection: A review. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202307.1977.v1"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13657","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TC02700G","article-title":"Molybdenum disulfide nanostructures coupled with metal plasmonics for improved electronic and photonic performances","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18127","DOI":"10.1039\/D4SC04874A","article-title":"Enhancing hydrogen evolution reaction activity through defects and strain engineering in monolayer MoS2","volume":"15","author":"Nadarajan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41699-021-00211-6","article-title":"Intercalation as a versatile tool for fabrication, property tuning, and phase transitions in 2D materials","volume":"5","author":"Rajapakse","year":"2021","journal-title":"npj 2D Mater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teac.2023.e00199","article-title":"Modern designs of electrochemical sensor platforms for environmental analyses: Principles, nanofabrication opportunities, and challenges","volume":"38","author":"Barhoum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, X., Lin, X., Zhou, H., Liu, J., and Tang, H. (2023). Equipment of vertically-ordered mesoporous silica film on electrochemically pretreated three-dimensional graphene electrodes for sensitive detection of methidazine in urine. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13020239"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2025.116658","article-title":"Rapid determination of liposomal encapsulation efficiency of doxorubicin using an integrated separation-enrichment-sensing electrochemical platform based on bipolar vertically-ordered mesoporous silica nanochannel arrays","volume":"220","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, R., Tang, H., and Xi, F. (2022). Sensitive electrochemical detection of p-nitrophenol by pre-activated glassy carbon electrode integrated with silica nanochannel array film. Front. Chem., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.954748"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2026.117096","article-title":"Magnetic-bead sandwich immunosensing with multienzyme immunogold nanoprobe and nanochannel electrode for sensitive electrochemiluminescence detection of tumor biomarker","volume":"221","author":"Lu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.138721","article-title":"Mesoporous vanadium-doped Fe3O4 nanozymes with enhanced peroxidase-mimetic activity for colorimetric\/electrochemical dual-mode detection of nitrite in food and seawater samples","volume":"701","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., Yang, L., Huang, H., Lv, N., Liu, J., and Liu, Y. (2022). Nanochannel array on electrochemically polarized screen printed carbon electrode for rapid and sensitive electrochemical determination of clozapine in human whole blood. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092739"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, K., Yang, L., Liu, J., and Liu, J. (2022). Electrochemical sensor nanoarchitectonics for sensitive detection of uric acid in human whole blood based on screen-printed carbon electrode equipped with vertically-ordered mesoporous silica-nanochannel film. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12071157"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, N., Qiu, X., Han, Q., Xi, F., Wang, Y., and Chen, J. (2022). Anti-biofouling electrochemical sensor based on the binary nanocomposite of silica nanochannel array and graphene for doxorubicin detection in human serum and urine samples. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27248640"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, H., Ding, Y., Su, R., Lu, D., Tang, H., and Xi, F. (2022). Silica nanochannel array film supported by \u03b2-cyclodextrin-functionalized graphene modified gold film electrode for sensitive and direct electroanalysis of acetaminophen. Front. Chem., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.812086"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e07430","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202507430","article-title":"Direct electrochemical determination of quercetin in onion samples using vertically ordered mesoporous silica films","volume":"11","author":"Gu","year":"2026","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33343","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b13772","article-title":"Gated molecular transport in highly ordered heterogeneous nanochannel array electrode","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.1c00233","article-title":"Electroinduced surfactant self-assembly driven to vertical growth of oriented mesoporous films","volume":"54","author":"Walcarius","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2022.133100","article-title":"Direct electrochemical monitoring of in vitro glucuronidation metabolism by the hydrophobic selectivity of lipophilic micelles","volume":"377","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2024.126817","article-title":"Highly active nanozyme based on nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots and iron ion nanocomposite for selective colorimetric detection of hydroquinone","volume":"281","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1951","article-title":"Electrochemically assisted self-assembly of mesoporous silica thin films","volume":"6","author":"Walcarius","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.117828","article-title":"Dual-signal-quenched sandwich electrochemiluminescence immunosensor via integrated nanochannel array and glucose oxidase-loaded immuno-nanogold for sensitive tumor biomarker detection","volume":"288","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-025-07824-4","article-title":"Self-cascade Mn-Fe3O4 nanozyme for dual-mode colorimetric and nanochannel-integrated electrochemical detection of antioxidants","volume":"193","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Gu, X., Zhao, J., and Xi, F. (2022). Fabrication of a ratiometric fluorescence sensor based on carbon dots as both luminophores and nanozymes for the sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217379"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10264","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c01033","article-title":"Silica nanochannels as nanoreactors for the confined synthesis of Ag NPs to boost electrochemical stripping chemiluminescence of the luminol-O2 system for the sensitive aptasensor","volume":"96","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, S., Zhang, S., Li, Y., and Liu, J. (2023). Facile synthesis of iron and nitrogen co-doped carbon dot nanozyme as highly efficient peroxidase mimics for visualized detection of metabolites. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28166064"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2025.137856","article-title":"A dual-functional antibiofouling and signal amplification sensing platform enabling accurate analysis in complicated biological samples","volume":"439","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2025.344937","article-title":"Sensitive detection of placental growth factor using an aptasensor based on luminol-dissolved oxygen electrochemiluminescence enhanced by nanochannel-confined catalysis","volume":"1384","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2026.129524","article-title":"Immunosensors for dual tumor biomarker detection based on ternary electrochemiluminescence using confined CeO2 nanozyme as co-reactant enhancers for luminol-O2 system","volume":"304","author":"Lu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Talanta"}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/16\/5\/236\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T13:44:42Z","timestamp":1778507082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/16\/5\/236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["bios16050236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios16050236","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]}}}