{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T14:12:07Z","timestamp":1778767927939,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Digital Sciences of Nazarbayev University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoarthritis (OA) and osteochondral degeneration present a significant clinical burden characterized by the complex interplay of extracellular matrix degradation and chronic inflammation. While biochemical profiling has matured, a critical translational gap remains in transitioning from benchtop assays to systems capable of continuous, intra-articular monitoring. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of experimentally validated biosensing technologies, including optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) platforms, evaluated through the lens of sensing architecture, biomarker specificity, and matrix compatibility. Our analysis reveals that while optical sensors offer superior sensitivity, electrochemical platforms show the greatest promise for miniaturized, implantable integration. However, a pivot in the field is identified: the primary bottleneck has shifted from analytical detection limits to operational stability within the hostile synovial environment. Current research is largely restricted to single-analyte detection in simplified media, failing to address the multifactorial nature of OA. We propose that the next generation of osteochondral diagnostics must prioritize multiplexed arrays, mechanically compliant architectures, and machine-learning-assisted signal processing. By bridging these engineering frontiers, biosensors will evolve from passive diagnostic tools into intelligent, personalized platforms for real-time disease management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16050283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T13:04:09Z","timestamp":1778763849000},"page":"283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["State-of-the-Art and Next Generation Intra-Articular Implantable Biosensors for Osteoarthritis: From Analytical Limits to Operational Stability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7314-9358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullateef Gbolahan","family":"Olayiwola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, 010000 Astana, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0500-6295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albina","family":"Abdossova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, 010000 Astana, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6500-4964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Tosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, 010000 Astana, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0773-300X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gorka","family":"Orive","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basque Sustainable Pharmacy and Biotherapy Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"},{"name":"Bioaraba Health Research Institute, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"},{"name":"University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology\u2014UIRMI (UPV\/EHU-Fundaci\u00f3n Eduardo Anitua), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6337-8022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cevat","family":"Erisken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, 010000 Astana, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.2c01321","article-title":"Osteochondral Interface: Regenerative Engineering and Challenges","volume":"9","author":"Yildirim","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. 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