{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:58:02Z","timestamp":1792720682900,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive and irreversible disorder affecting over 850 million individuals globally and is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden. Conventional diagnostic approaches rely on intermittent laboratory measurements, including serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and urinary albumin, which provide limited temporal resolution and fail to capture dynamic physiological changes. Recent advances in wearable biosensing technologies offer new opportunities for continuous, non-invasive monitoring of biochemical and physiological markers relevant to renal function. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of wearable biosensors for CKD monitoring, focusing on sensing mechanisms (electrochemical, optical, and field-effect transistor), biofluid interfaces (sweat, interstitial fluid, and saliva), and materials engineering strategies enabling flexible, high-performance devices. Emphasis is placed on biofluid transport dynamics, analytical performance across sampling matrices, and system-level integration with wireless communication and digital health platforms. Key challenges limiting clinical translation, including biofouling, enzymatic instability, and variability in biofluid composition, are examined\u2014alongside emerging solutions such as antifouling interfaces, synthetic recognition elements, and multimodal sensing architectures. Finally, regulatory pathways and the role of artificial intelligence in digital nephrology are discussed. This review highlights the potential of wearable biosensors to transform CKD management through continuous monitoring, early detection, and personalized therapeutic intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16050287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T14:19:29Z","timestamp":1778854769000},"page":"287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Wearable Biosensors for Continuous Monitoring of Chronic Kidney Disease: Materials, Biofluids, and Digital Health Integration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Anupamaa","family":"Sivasubramanian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bioelectronics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA"},{"name":"Andhra Pradesh MedTech Zone (AMTZ), Visakhapatnam 530031, AP, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shankara","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bioelectronics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA"},{"name":"Accurex Biomedical Pvt. Ltd., Visakhapatnam 530031, AP, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4307-091X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gymama","family":"Slaughter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bioelectronics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration (2020). Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis. 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