{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:35:24Z","timestamp":1787027724013,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The abuse of \u03b3-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and its precursors, \u03b3-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD), has increased in recent years, with these substances frequently being illicitly added to beverages. GHB is colorless and odorless and exhibits anesthetic and hypnotic psychoactive effects, which are often exploited in drug-facilitated sexual assault, posing a significant public safety concern. Chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry is a conventional analytical approach for narcotic drug determination due to its high sensitivity and accuracy; however, its large instrumentation footprint and high operational cost limit its suitability for on-site rapid screening. In response to the growing demand for field-deployable analytical tools, rapid detection technologies for GHB have progressively evolved. This review summarizes and compares the advantages and limitations of current rapid detection methods for GHB and discusses their potential future developmental trends, with the aim of providing a reference for researchers and relevant authorities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16050288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T14:19:29Z","timestamp":1778854769000},"page":"288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Application of Rapid Detection Technology for the Determination of \u03b3-Hydroxybutyric Acid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Detection and Control, Beijing Narcotics Control Technology Center, Beijing 100164, China"},{"name":"National Narcotics Laboratory Beijing Regional Center, Beijing 100164, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingliang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Detection and Control, Beijing Narcotics Control Technology Center, Beijing 100164, China"},{"name":"National Narcotics Laboratory Beijing Regional Center, Beijing 100164, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boyuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Detection and Control, Beijing Narcotics Control Technology Center, Beijing 100164, China"},{"name":"National Narcotics Laboratory Beijing Regional Center, Beijing 100164, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunhui","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Detection and Control, Beijing Narcotics Control Technology Center, Beijing 100164, China"},{"name":"National Narcotics Laboratory Beijing Regional Center, Beijing 100164, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Detection and Control, Beijing Narcotics Control Technology Center, Beijing 100164, China"},{"name":"National Narcotics Laboratory Beijing Regional Center, Beijing 100164, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Detection and Control, Beijing Narcotics Control Technology Center, Beijing 100164, China"},{"name":"National Narcotics Laboratory Beijing Regional Center, Beijing 100164, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Detection and Control, Beijing Narcotics Control Technology Center, Beijing 100164, China"},{"name":"National Narcotics Laboratory Beijing Regional Center, Beijing 100164, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Detection and Control, Beijing Narcotics Control Technology Center, Beijing 100164, China"},{"name":"National Narcotics Laboratory Beijing Regional Center, Beijing 100164, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Detection and Control, Beijing Narcotics Control Technology Center, Beijing 100164, China"},{"name":"National Narcotics Laboratory Beijing Regional Center, Beijing 100164, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra044047","article-title":"Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid","volume":"352","author":"Snead","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. 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