{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T13:08:55Z","timestamp":1780578535769,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025A1515010401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A1515010401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Medical Research Fund","award":["A2303010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2303010"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016804","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen City","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20240813151023030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20240813151023030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Pearl River Talen Program","award":["2023QN10C562"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023QN10C562"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province","award":["2020B1212060077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B1212060077"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present an optimized method for producing semiconducting polymer dots using a water\u2013ethanol mixed antisolvent during nanoprecipitation. Compared to conventional Pdots made with pure water as the antisolvent, these newly produced Pdots exhibit simultaneously enhanced fluorescence efficiency and stability of particle size and emission spectra. These findings should be mainly attributed to an improved core\u2013shell Pdots nanostructure formed by a sequential nanoprecipitation process. It offers Pdots a purer, more compact, and hydrophobic inner core, coated with a greater number of hydrophilic polyethylene glycol shells. This viewpoint is further reinforced by F\u00f6rster energy-transfer efficiency in a fluorescence donor-acceptor Pdots system. The novelly prepared Pdots can better encapsulate small-molecular cargoes and more efficiently bioconjugate to targets. Consequently, it demonstrates improved specific immunofluorescence staining of microtubule structures in living cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16060308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T14:36:56Z","timestamp":1779892616000},"page":"308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Creating Semiconducting Polymer Dots with Enhanced Performance Through a Simple Mixed Antisolvent Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dingshi","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuehan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiasi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6935-8340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.11.025","article-title":"Recent progress on semiconducting polymer nanoparticles for molecular imaging and cancer phototherapy","volume":"155","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.117597","article-title":"CRISPR\/Cas12a-triggered electrochemiluminescence biosensor to ultrasensitive detect herpes simplex virus via self-enhanced near-infrared selenium-based polymer dots","volume":"286","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.2c01446","article-title":"Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Tumor Theranostics","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315160","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202315160","article-title":"DNA-Mediated, On-Membrane Sequential Assembly of Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Sensitive Detection of Cell Surface Markers","volume":"34","author":"Maeda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202302777","article-title":"Amplification of Cerenkov Luminescence Using Semiconducting Polymers for Cancer Theranostics","volume":"33","author":"Rosenkrans","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2023.03.173","article-title":"Strongly fluorescent conjugated polymer nanoparticles in aqueous colloidal solution for universal, efficient and effective development of sebaceous and blood fingerprints","volume":"642","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Colloid. Interf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2022.03.107","article-title":"Radioactive organic semiconducting polymer nanoparticles for multimodal cancer theranostics","volume":"619","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Colloid. Interf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2025.111566","article-title":"Ratiometric fluorescence probe using semiconducting polymer nanoparticles and carbon dots for predicting anti-cancer efficiency","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202400712","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202400712","article-title":"Polymer Dots with Delayed Fluorescence and Tunable Cellular Uptake for Photodynamic Therapy and Time-Gated Imaging","volume":"63","author":"Luppi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.5c02354","article-title":"NIR-II Polymer Dots for Real-Time Navigating Hepatic Resection and Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury","volume":"9","author":"Shi","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34363990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2025.343639","article-title":"Facile preparation of iridium-based AIE polymer dots for sensitive electrochemiluminescence immunoassay of CD44 protein","volume":"1341","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2025.118031","article-title":"Aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence aptasensor for ultrasensitive detection of acetamiprid based on polymer dots as emitters","volume":"291","author":"Jin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2026.139479","article-title":"Sensitive detection of protein by using the single-molecule immunoassays based on semiconducting polymer dots","volume":"453","author":"Cheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sensor. Actuat. B-Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Q.D., Xu, D.S., Li, T.Y., He, X.H., Wang, J.S., Zhao, Y., and Chen, L. (2022). Recent Advances of NIR-II Emissive Semiconducting Polymer Dots for In Vivo Tumor Fluorescence Imaging and Theranostics. Biosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12121126"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201205133","article-title":"Highly Fluorescent Semiconducting Polymer Dots for Biology and Medicine","volume":"52","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7008","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201902077","article-title":"A BODIPY-Based Donor\/Donor\u2013Acceptor System: Towards Highly Efficient Long-Wavelength-Excitable Near-IR Polymer Dots with Narrow and Strong Absorption Features","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-020-2902-x","article-title":"NIR-IIb excitable bright polymer dots with deep-red emission for in vivo through-skull three-photon fluorescence bioimaging","volume":"13","author":"Alifu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301087","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202301087","article-title":"\u201cChase and Block\u201d Strategy for Enhanced Cancer Therapy with Hypoxia-Promoted Photodynamic Therapy and Autophagy Inhibition Based on Upconversion Nanocomposites","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, W.N., Chen, M.J., Yang, Y.X., Zheng, P., Gao, M., Song, F., and Li, C.A. (2023). Biocompatibility and Biological Effects of Surface-Modified Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28052034"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201914397","article-title":"Semiconducting Polymer Dots with Dual-Enhanced NIR-IIa Fluorescence for Through-Skull Mouse-Brain Imaging","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c04223","article-title":"Improving the Accuracy of Pdot-Based Continuous Glucose Monitoring by Using External Ratiometric Calibration","volume":"93","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702758","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201702758","article-title":"Emission Tuning with Size-Controllable Polymer Dots from a Single Conjugated Polymer","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806818","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201806818","article-title":"Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Imaging, Cell Activity Regulation, and Therapy","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6911","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b01545","article-title":"Photostable Ratiometric Pdot Probe for In Vitro and In Vivo Imaging of Hypochlorous Acid","volume":"139","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2025.138209","article-title":"Fluorescence homogenous analysis based on AgNPs quenching carbon dots and polymer dots for simultaneous detection of glyphosate and thiamethoxam in food","volume":"443","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12306","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201607018","article-title":"Organic Polymer Dots as Photocatalysts for Visible Light-Driven Hydrogen Generation","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b05292","article-title":"Semiconducting Photothermal Nanoagonist for Remote-Controlled Specific Cancer Therapy","volume":"18","author":"Zhen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.01.004","article-title":"Recent advances of semiconducting polymer nanoparticles in in vivo molecular imaging","volume":"240","author":"Pu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10420","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b06710","article-title":"Quinoxaline-Based Polymer Dots with Ultrabright Red to Near-Infrared Fluorescence for In Vivo Biological Imaging","volume":"137","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5429","DOI":"10.1021\/nn301308w","article-title":"Importance of Having Low-Density Functional Groups for Generating High-Performance Semiconducting Polymer Dots","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1021\/mz500383c","article-title":"Yellow Fluorescent Semiconducting Polymer Dots with High Brightness, Small Size, and Narrow Emission for Biological Applications","volume":"3","author":"Rong","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Macro Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13631","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c25215","article-title":"Ultrabright Pdots with a Large Absorbance Cross Section and High Quantum Yield","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-025-01767-1","article-title":"Single-chain ultrasmall fluorescent polymer dots enable nanometre-resolution cellular imaging and single protein tracking","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e314","DOI":"10.1002\/agt2.314","article-title":"Phase separation-induced nanoprecipitation for making polymer nanoparticles with high drug loading","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aggregate"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201000840","article-title":"Pure and Saturated Red Electroluminescent Polyfluorenes with Dopant\/Host System and PLED Efficiency\/Color Purity Trade-Offs","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5855","DOI":"10.1021\/la8000762","article-title":"Swelling-controlled polymer phase and fluorescence properties of polyfluorene nanoparticles","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0555145","article-title":"Phase behavior of poly(9,9-di-n-hexyl-2,7-fluorene)","volume":"110","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1021\/nl070022k","article-title":"Uniaxial alignment of liquid-crystalline conjugated polymers by nanoconfinement","volume":"7","author":"Zheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200978","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202200978","article-title":"High-Resolution Imaging of the Ocular Vasculature of Conjunctivitis in Mice Using Highly Bright Polymer Dots","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507702","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202507702","article-title":"Highly Efficient Platinum-Free Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution From Low-cost Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles","volume":"37","author":"Holmes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1039\/C2CS35346F","article-title":"Organic sensitizers from D-pi-A to D-A-\u03c0-A: Effect of the internal electron-withdrawing units on molecular absorption, energy levels and photovoltaic performances","volume":"42","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1021\/ma971073e","article-title":"Polyfluorene Derivatives:\u2009 Effective Conjugation Lengths from Well-Defined Oligomers","volume":"31","author":"Klaerner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1021\/ma102954h","article-title":"Iterative Binomial Synthesis of Monodisperse Polyfluorenes up to 64-mers and Their Chain-Length-Dependent Properties","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.9b00483","article-title":"How beta-Phase Content Moderates Chain Conjugation and Energy Transfer in Polyfluorene Films","volume":"10","author":"Eggimann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.7b03148","article-title":"Photophysical and Fluorescence Anisotropic Behavior of Polyfluorene beta-Conformation Films","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2015.03.033","article-title":"Morphology of melt-crystallized beta-phase crystals of monodisperse poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene)","volume":"64","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1007\/s10812-015-0196-7","article-title":"Optical Studies of Poly(9,9-di-(2-ethylhexyl)-9H-fluorene-2,7-vinylene) and its Nanocomposites","volume":"82","author":"Layek","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Spectrosco."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.200500455","article-title":"Synthesis and orientation of fluorene-containing reactive mesogens","volume":"207","author":"Thiem","year":"2006","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4095(199906)11:8<671::AID-ADMA671>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Blue polarized electroluminescence from a liquid crystalline polyfluorene","volume":"11","author":"Grell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12890","DOI":"10.1021\/ja051891j","article-title":"Effects of Packing Structure on the Optoelectronic and Charge Transport Properties in Poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole)","volume":"127","author":"Donley","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6900","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TC01720G","article-title":"Effective conjugation in conjugated polymers with strongly twisted backbones: A case study on fluorinated MEHPPV","volume":"4","author":"Milad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orgel.2015.08.027","article-title":"The formation of supramolecular liquid-crystal gels for enhancing the electro-optical properties of twisted nematic liquid crystals","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Org. Electron."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23456","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202007039","article-title":"Monochromophore-Based Phosphorescence and Fluorescence from Pure Organic Assemblies for Ratiometric Hypoxia Detection","volume":"59","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"6","article-title":"Unveiling size-fluorescence correlation of organic nanoparticles and its use in nanoparticle size determination","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aggregate"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605397","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201605397","article-title":"Self-Assembly of Semiconducting Polymer Amphiphiles for In Vivo Photoacoustic Imaging","volume":"27","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12332","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b02014","article-title":"Amphiphilic Semiconducting Oligomer for Near-Infrared Photoacoustic and Fluorescence Imaging","volume":"9","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401346","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202401346","article-title":"Supra-Fluorophores: Ultrabright Fluorescent Supramolecular Assemblies Derived from Conventional Fluorophores in Water","volume":"36","author":"Lei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1177\/02841851960373P296","article-title":"Toxicity of ethanol in low concentrations: Experimental evaluation in cell culture","volume":"37","author":"Tapani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2123111119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2123111119","article-title":"High-precision tumor resection down to few-cell level guided by NIR-IIb molecular fluorescence imaging","volume":"119","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2022.107867","article-title":"Highly efficient and non-doped red conjugated polymer dot for photostable cell imaging","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/16\/6\/308\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T12:29:28Z","timestamp":1780576168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/16\/6\/308"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["bios16060308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios16060308","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]}}}