{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:07:11Z","timestamp":1785424031846,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretary of Research and Posgraduate Studies (SIP) of Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico","award":["20260208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20260208"]}]},{"name":"Secretary of Research and Posgraduate Studies (SIP) of Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico","award":["20160216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20160216"]}]},{"name":"Secretary of Research and Posgraduate Studies (SIP) of Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico","award":["IND-2026-0232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IND-2026-0232"]}]},{"award":["20260208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20260208"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059sp8j34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["20160216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20160216"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059sp8j34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["IND-2026-0232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IND-2026-0232"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059sp8j34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As global populations grow and technology advances, daily life is increasingly shaped by digital systems such as computers and smart devices. However, prolonged device use has contributed to increasing physical and mental health concerns, particularly those associated with poor sitting posture. Posture-related strain is frequently overlooked and contributes to musculoskeletal discomfort, including back, neck, shoulder, and wrist pain, and may also be associated with sleep disturbances and elevated stress levels. To the best of our knowledge and based on the existing literature, this is the first study to introduce a machine learning-based framework for advanced muscle strain severity classification using Internet of Things (IoT) devices that integrates posture monitoring and muscle strain detection into a unified low-cost framework ($23 hardware cost). The primary objective of this work is accurate classification of muscle strain severity, while real-time alerts serve as a secondary ergonomic feedback mechanism. Specifically, this study makes four major contributions. First, we created a novel dataset through real-time acquisition of electromyography (EMG) and posture signals from participants in hospital and industrial environments, capturing diverse muscle strain patterns validated against clinical assessment procedures. Second, we designed a two-part hardware architecture consisting of posture detection (PD) and strain detection (SD) modules using a NodeMCU ESP8266, HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, EMG sensor, and buzzer for real-time physiological monitoring, incorporating EMG-specific preprocessing including band-pass filtering, rectification, and RMS smoothing. Third, we proposed and evaluated a hybrid machine learning framework integrating Vision Transformer (ViT) and XGBoost to classify strain severity into three study-specific categories: baseline (EMG RMS &lt; 40 \u00b5V), compensatory strain (40\u201359 \u00b5V), and overload (\u226560 \u00b5V). These categories were used as reproducible severity proxies for machine learning annotation and should not be interpreted as universal biomarkers of structural tissue damage. Finally, the proposed framework achieved a classification accuracy of 99.0% (95% CI: 98.5\u201399.5%) with an inference latency of 15.2 ms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16070354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T12:37:55Z","timestamp":1782391075000},"page":"354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Digital and Remote Interventions for Musculoskeletal Aging: Real-Time Muscle Strain Severity Detection Using Artificial Intelligence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zulaikha","family":"Fatima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computing Research (CIC), Instituto Politecnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 07320, Mexico"},{"name":"Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Superior University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computing Research (CIC), Instituto Politecnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 07320, Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Bahria University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nida","family":"Hafeez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computing Research (CIC), Instituto Politecnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 07320, Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Bahria University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4454-8791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rolando Quintero","family":"T\u00e9llez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computing Research (CIC), Instituto Politecnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 07320, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8289-6979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel Jes\u00fas Torres","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computing Research (CIC), Instituto Politecnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 07320, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6935-2870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Guzm\u00e1n S\u00e1nchez","family":"Mejorada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computing Research (CIC), Instituto Politecnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 07320, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9714-7137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel F\u00e9lix","family":"Mata-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computing Research (CIC), Instituto Politecnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 07320, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5649-6189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Zagal-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computing Research (CIC), Instituto Politecnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City 07320, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022). 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