{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:09:05Z","timestamp":1785431345951,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Research Foundation Flanders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12ABG25N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12ABG25N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["12ABG25N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12ABG25N"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03qtxy027","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004040","name":"KU Leuven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C24E\/23\/025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C24E\/23\/025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["C24E\/23\/025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C24E\/23\/025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05f950310","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapid, low-cost ethanol quantification is vital for beverage quality control, biofuel production, and pharmaceutical applications, yet current approaches are costly, reagent- or label-dependent, or rely on spectroscopy with substantial sample preparation. We introduce a purely cell-based, label-free biosensor that exploits temperature-gradient-induced spontaneous detachment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from a chip surface. The readout is the detachment half-time, td50, derived from time-resolved changes in interfacial thermal resistance, Rth, at the solid\u2013liquid interface. Cells were pre-exposed to ethanol (0\u201370% v\/v) and the detachment kinetics monitored using the heat transfer method (HTM). Under these conditions, cells display a pronounced non-monotonic td50 response with a peak around 20% v\/v ethanol. Overall, the td50 rises from ~45 min (0% ethanol) to \u227310 h (20%) and then decreases, with no detachment at 60% and beyond. Critically, cell quality gates the detachment window. Fresh yeast responds up to ~50%, whereas aged yeast ceases to detach above ~8%, demonstrating a dual-function assay. Complementary measurements show that ethanol decreases surface tension monotonically, as expected, while optical\/SEM imaging reveals aggregation above the detachment window. Requiring only a heater and a temperature probe, this platform offers a compact and low-cost strategy for ethanol sensing. Its applicability in a complex matrix is further demonstrated using whiskey diluted to selected alcohol concentrations, which produced responses consistent with the ethanol calibration trend. Potentially, it also offers a thermal assay for real-time monitoring of microbial cell quality across biotechnology and bioengineering applications. Considering ethanol as a proxy for drugs, the strategy may also support label-free drug screening on cells. At a fundamental level, the non-monotonic effect of ethanol, and especially the sharp maximum at 20%, remains unresolved and invites further studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16070355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T12:37:55Z","timestamp":1782391075000},"page":"355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Label-Free Cell-Based Biosensor Method for Ethanol Quantification Using Temperature-Induced Spontaneous Cell Detachment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0615-6455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derick","family":"Yongabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1933-4623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Krane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8590-984X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heloisa","family":"Espreafico Guelerman Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, S\u00e3o Paulo CEP 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Xavier Bustia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, S\u00e3o Paulo CEP 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2832-0199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Gruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, S\u00e3o Paulo CEP 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4347-6685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Sch\u00f6ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Heinrich-Mu\u00dfmann-Stra\u00dfe1, D-52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Delvigne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Processes and Interactions (MiPI), Terra Research and Teaching Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Li\u00e8ge, Av. De la Facult\u00e9 D\u2019Agronomie 41\/13, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4028-3629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.20473\/jatm.v4i1.71985","article-title":"A review of electrochemical sensors and biosensors for ethanol detection in beverages","volume":"4","author":"Zalfadillah","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Technol. 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