{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T17:16:02Z","timestamp":1783530962664,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51\/07\/2024\/NCD\/HB\/NIIRNCD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51\/07\/2024\/NCD\/HB\/NIIRNCD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sickle cell disease (SCD) and thalassemia are genetic disorders that necessitate accurate diagnosis for effective management and improved patient outcomes. The advent of nanotechnology has paved the way for innovative, precise detection methods, offering enhanced sensitivity and specificity. The present systematic review aims to assess the analytical performance of nanotechnology-based detection methods for SCD and thalassemia, with a focus on evaluating the analytical performance and identifying the most sensitive nanotechnology-based techniques. An extensive literature search was conducted across five databases (ScienceDirect, PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar), yielding 23 studies that met the inclusion criteria. These studies showcased the potential of nanotechnology-based methods for detecting SCD and thalassemia. The studies utilized diverse samples, including blood, serum, genomic DNA, and purchased oligonucleotides, with most reporting limit of detection (LOD) values. Specifically, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) exhibited exceptional sensitivity, with detection limits ranging from 2.6 aM to 0.035 pM. Surface modification and functionalization of AuNPs significantly enhance their detection capabilities. Other nanostructures, including silver nanoparticles, quantum dots, and graphene quantum dots, also demonstrate promising diagnostic capabilities. The results showed that nanotechnology-based methods demonstrated improved analytical sensitivity, with LOD ranging from 2.6 aM to 50 nM. This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the analytical performance of nanotechnology-based detection methods, shedding light on their potential to revolutionize diagnosis and treatment. Overall, it highlights the transformative potential of nanotechnology in improving molecular diagnostic accuracy for SCD and thalassemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16070373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:16:18Z","timestamp":1783527378000},"page":"373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanotechnology-Based Detection of Sickle Cell Disease and Thalassemia: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Manjyot","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, New Pali Road, Jodhpur 342005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1204-7733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janesh Kumar","family":"Gautam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, New Pali Road, Jodhpur 342005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aishwarya Rajendra","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, New Pali Road, Jodhpur 342005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7967-6907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Disha","family":"Chouhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, New Pali Road, Jodhpur 342005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7883-7140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akash","family":"Baghel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, New Pali Road, Jodhpur 342005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5096-2222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bontha V.","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, New Pali Road, Jodhpur 342005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5522-1394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suman Sundar","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICMR-National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, New Pali Road, Jodhpur 342005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61229-X","article-title":"Global epidemiology of sickle haemoglobin in neonates: A contemporary geostatistical model-based map and population estimates","volume":"381","author":"Piel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21570","article-title":"The number of people with sickle-cell disease in the United States: National and state estimates","volume":"85","author":"Brousseau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"CDC (2024, November 21). Data and Statistics on Sickle Cell Disease, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/sicklecell\/data.html."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.08.009","article-title":"Trends in sickle cell disease-related mortality in the United States,1979 to 2017","volume":"76","author":"Payne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.378","article-title":"Acute care utilization and rehospitalizations for sickle cell disease","volume":"303","author":"Brousseau","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000289","article-title":"Psychosocial and functional outcomes in youth with chronic sickle cell pain","volume":"32","author":"Sil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/ijlh.12527","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of thalassemia","volume":"38","author":"Brancaleoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Lab. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1179\/102453312X13336169155295","article-title":"Thalassemia","volume":"17","author":"Aydinok","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munkongdee, T., Chen, P., Winichagoon, P., Fucharoen, S., and Paiboonsukwong, K. (2020). Update in laboratory diagnosis of thalassemia. Front. Mol. Biosci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2020.00074"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2016.173","article-title":"\u03b2-Thalassemia","volume":"19","author":"Origa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genet. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01237-z","article-title":"Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of sickle cell disease","volume":"15","author":"Brandow","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2019.01.006","article-title":"Recent trends in treatment of thalassemia","volume":"76","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.22631\/ijbmph.2018.56102","article-title":"Thalassemia an update: Molecular basis, clinical features and treatment","volume":"1","author":"Tari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Needs, T., Gonzalez-Mosquera, L.F., and Lynch, D.T. (2018). Beta Thalassemia, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2017.11.003","article-title":"Molecular basis and genetic modifiers of thalassemia","volume":"32","author":"Mettananda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.5045\/br.2021.2020332","article-title":"Molecular basis and diagnosis of thalassemia","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2021.101028","article-title":"Thalassemias: From gene to therapy","volume":"84","author":"Quattrocchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"a011627","article-title":"Evolution of hemoglobin and its genes, Cold Spring Harb","volume":"2","author":"Hardison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arishi, W.A., Alhadrami, H.A., and Zourob, M. (2021). Techniques for the detection of sickle cell disease: A review. Micromachines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12050519"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5045\/br.2015.50.1.46","article-title":"Comparative analysis of cellulose acetate hemoglobin electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography for quantitative determination of hemoglobin A2","volume":"50","author":"Khosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010288","article-title":"Sickle hemoglobin (Hb S) allele and sickle cell disease: A HuGE review","volume":"151","author":"Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Farid, Y., Bowman, N.S., and Lecat, P. (2019). Biochemistry, Hemoglobin Synthesis, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1021\/ar500063x","article-title":"\u201cNano-oddities\u201d: Unusual nucleic acid assemblies for DNA-based nanostructures and nanodevices","volume":"47","author":"Yatsunyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11955","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201902421","article-title":"Hybrid soft nanomaterials composed of DNA microspheres and supramolecular nanostructures of semi-artificial glycopeptides","volume":"25","author":"Higashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"112","article-title":"Assessing the antimicrobial activity of chitosan nanoparticles by fluorescence-labeling","volume":"12","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol. Int. J. Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.02.093","article-title":"Can the surface modification and\/or morphology affect the ecotoxicity of zinc oxide nanomaterials?","volume":"224","author":"Melegari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"623","article-title":"Nanotechnology for early cancer detection and precision medicine","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1005","article-title":"Advances in nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors for cancer detection","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Denizli, A., Nguyen, T.A., Rajan, M., Alam, M.F., and Rahman, K. (2022). Nanotechnology for blood test to predict the blood diseases\/blood disorders. Nanotechnology for Hematology, Blood Transfusion, and Artificial Blood, Elsevier. Chapter 13."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukhtar, M., Sargazi, S., Barani, M., Madry, H., Rahdar, A., and Cucchiarini, M. (2021). Application of nanotechnology for sensitive detection of low-abundance single-nucleotide variations in genomic DNA: A review. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11061384"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahrashoob, M., Dehshiri, M., Yousefi, V., Moassesfar, M., Saberi, H., Molaabasi, F., Zare, Y., and Rhee, K.Y. (2025). Optical and electrochemical biosensors for detection of pathogens using metal nanoclusters: A systematic review. Biosensors, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15070460"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shoaib, A., Darraj, A., Khan, M.E., Azmi, L., Alalwan, A., Alamri, O., Tabish, M., and Khan, A.U. (2023). A nanotechnology-based approach to biosensor application in current diabetes management practices. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13050867"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, P., Gao, N., Chang, G., and Wu, Y. (2025). Biosensors for early detection of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Principles, applications, and future prospects. Biosensors, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15050280"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raveendran, R., Prabakaran, L., Senthil, R., Yesudhason, B.V., Dharmalingam, S., Sathyaraj, W.V., and Atchudan, R. (2023). Current innovations in intraocular pressure monitoring biosensors for diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma\u2014Novel strategies and future perspectives. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13060663"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramesh, M., Janani, R., Deepa, C., and Rajeshkumar, L. (2022). Nanotechnology-enabled biosensors: A review of fundamentals, design principles, materials, and applications. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13010040"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tariq, Z., Qadeer, M.I., Anjum, I., Hano, C., and Anjum, S. (2023). Thalassemia and nanotheragnostics: Advanced approaches for diagnosis and treatment. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13040450"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.01.017","article-title":"A sensitive electrochemical genosensor for highly specific detection of thalassemia gene","volume":"129","author":"Gholivand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201002825","article-title":"Colorimetric detection of DNA by modulation of thrombin activity on gold nanoparticles","volume":"17","author":"Jian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8711","DOI":"10.1021\/ac2021932","article-title":"Direct detection of point mutations in nonamplified human genomic DNA","volume":"83","author":"Breveglieri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4207","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.4c01194","article-title":"Noninvasive prenatal genetic screening of cell-free fetal DNA for early prediction of \u03b2-thalassemia using fiber optic nanogold-linked sorbent assay","volume":"9","author":"Ngo","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2014.01.045","article-title":"DNA interaction probed by evanescent wave cavity ring-down absorption spectroscopy via functionalized gold nanoparticles","volume":"820","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2006.06.038","article-title":"DNA point mutation detection based on DNA ligase reaction and nano-Au amplification: A piezoelectric approach","volume":"358","author":"Pang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1039\/c3an01606d","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of \u03b1-thalassemias by the colorimetric nanogold","volume":"139","author":"Chomean","year":"2014","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1021\/ac100336n","article-title":"Rolling circle amplification combined with gold nanoparticle aggregates for highly sensitive identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms","volume":"82","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, X., Wang, J., Zhao, Y., Liu, R., Zhang, Q., Yuan, Z., and Sang, S. (2020). A wireless magnetoelastic DNA-biosensor amplified by AuNPs for the detection of a common mutated DNA causing \u03b2-thalassaemia. Biochem. Eng. J., 156.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2020.107498"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5081","DOI":"10.1039\/D3LC00739A","article-title":"A paper-embedded thermoplastic microdevice integrating additive-enhanced allele-specific amplification and silver nanoparticle-based colorimetric detection for point-of-care testing","volume":"23","author":"Thai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3510","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201000742","article-title":"Ultrasensitive detection of ferritin in human serum by Western blotting based on quantum dots-labeled avidin-biotin system","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2021.102423","article-title":"A visible and colorimetric nanobiosensor based on DNA-CuO nanoparticle for detection of single nucleotide polymorphism involved in sickle cell anemia disease","volume":"27","author":"Kasiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2023.341713","article-title":"A highly sensitive self-powered sensing method designed on DNA circuit strategy and MoS2 hollow nanorods for detection of thalassemia","volume":"1278","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2024.342255","article-title":"Enzyme-free sensitive SERS biosensor for the detection of thalassemia-associated microRNA-210 using a cascade dual-signal amplification strategy","volume":"1292","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, P., Wei, Y., Shi, J., Wu, J., Wu, Y., Yan, J., Liu, S., Tan, X., and Huang, K.J. (2024). CRISPR\/Cas12a-triggered ordered concatemeric DNA probes signal-on\/off multifunctional analytical sensing system for ultrasensitive detection of thalassemia. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 276.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.133884"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.18596\/jotcsa.1033237","article-title":"Impedimetric CRISPR-dCas9 based biosensor system for sickle cell anemia mutation","volume":"9","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Turk. Chem. Soc. Sect. A Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.087","article-title":"A bimetallic nanocomposite modified genosensor for recognition and determination of thalassemia gene","volume":"91","author":"Raoof","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s13361-013-0595-z","article-title":"Using surface-assisted laser desorption\/ionization mass spectrometry to detect ss- and ds-oligodeoxynucleotides","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2019.120257","article-title":"A DNA electrochemical biosensor based on triplex DNA-templated Ag\/Pt nanoclusters for the detection of single-nucleotide variant","volume":"207","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2008.08.023","article-title":"Highly sensitive and selective oligonucleotide sensor for sickle cell disease gene using photon upconverting nanoparticles","volume":"24","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16374","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c03841","article-title":"Flexible self-powered sensing system based on novel DNA circuit strategy and graphdiyne for thalassemia gene by rapid naked-eye tracking and open-circuit voltage","volume":"95","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.4512","article-title":"Quantitation of hepcidin in serum using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography and a linear ion trap mass spectrometer","volume":"24","author":"Bansal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3935","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b00131","article-title":"Highly selective fluorescence determination of the hematin level in human erythrocytes with no need for separation from bulk hemoglobin","volume":"88","author":"Ji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/16\/7\/373\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:33:43Z","timestamp":1783528423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/16\/7\/373"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["bios16070373"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios16070373","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]}}}