{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:23:50Z","timestamp":1792272230051,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22202167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22202167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["22202167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22202167"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project of China","award":["2023YFF0613603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF0613603"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Given that red blood cells (RBCs) are the most abundant cells in blood, their morphology and mechanics strongly affect blood rheology. Furthermore, changes in the physiological functions and health status of an organism can also affect RBC mechanics. Therefore, understanding the mechanical properties of RBCs holds substantial research value in the biomedical field. The technology of optical tweezers (OT) has become a crucial method for measuring and analyzing the mechanical properties of RBCs, owing to their unique advantages such as non-contact manipulation and piconewton-level force sensitivity. This review first outlines the basic mechanical properties of RBCs, the mechanical sensing principles of optical tweezers, and their basic manipulation modes. It also focuses on the measurement and application of key mechanical parameters, such as the deformation index and shear modulus. Furthermore, the review covers the integration of optical tweezers with Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence, and microfluidics. These combined approaches allow for the simultaneous acquisition of mechanical and molecular data, dynamic monitoring of mechanical state changes, and analysis of external stimuli and physiological mechanisms, thereby supporting disease diagnosis, drug efficacy evaluation, and artificial blood quality assessment. Finally, it discusses current challenges and future directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16070379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T09:46:47Z","timestamp":1783676807000},"page":"379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mechanical Characterization in Red Blood Cells Using Optical Tweezers: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1219-5709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shangzhong","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-01-404103","article-title":"Quantitative Assessment of Sensing and Sequestration of Spherocytic Erythrocytes by the Human Spleen","volume":"120","author":"Safeukui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2020.112370","article-title":"Plasmodium Falciparum Maturation across the Intra-Erythrocytic Cycle Shifts the Soft Glassy Viscoelastic Properties of Red Blood Cells from a Liquid-like towards a Solid-like Behavior","volume":"397","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. 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