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In this study, six synchronized modalities\u2014electroencephalography (EEG), electrocardiography (ECG), electromyography (EMG), respiration (Resp), photoplethysmography (PPG), and gait (Gait)\u2014were recorded from 25 PD patients and 25 healthy controls. A Random Forest classifier was used to perform both unimodal and multimodal signal classification. Among unimodal models, ECG achieved the highest accuracy (84%), whereas the performance of multimodal combinations did not increase linearly with the number of modalities; integrating three or more complementary signals was sufficient to substantially improve classification. The full six-modality model achieved an accuracy of 95.00%, precision of 94.17%, recall of 97.14%, F1 score of 95.21%, and an AUC of 0.98. Incremental analysis further indicated that selecting key complementary modalities can maintain high classification performance while reducing equipment requirements, simplifying experimental procedures, and improving participant comfort, providing guidance for the development of efficient, non-invasive PD diagnostic tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16070381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T08:05:31Z","timestamp":1783929931000},"page":"381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multimodal Electrophysiological Signals for Machine Learning-Aided Parkinson\u2019s Disease Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keke","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxuan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9935-433X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boyan","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson Medical Center, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100144, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3349-8813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangying","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain-Inspired Neural Engineering, School of Medical Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-01186-7","article-title":"Cortical dynamics and network alterations in Parkinson\u2019s disease with mild cognitive impairment: TMS-EEG study of the posterior parietal cortex","volume":"12","author":"Pei","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Park. 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