{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:02:22Z","timestamp":1784696542136,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is associated with gait impairment, bilateral asymmetry, and increased gait variability, highlighting the need for objective and interpretable wearable gait assessment. Plantar insole recordings directly capture foot\u2013ground loading, but their use in PD assessment is often limited by global or low-order descriptors that do not fully represent regional loading organization. This study proposes a region-specific information-theoretic framework for PD gait assessment using wearable plantar-pressure insoles. Bilateral plantar insole signals were reorganized into five anatomical regions: heel, rearfoot, midfoot, forefoot, and toe. Self-information index (SII), Shannon entropy (EN), negentropy (NEG), sample entropy (SEN), and Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence (KL) features were extracted to characterize self-information fluctuation, probabilistic uncertainty, non-Gaussian organization, temporal irregularity, and directional distributional discrepancy in plantar-pressure dynamics. The resulting feature representation was evaluated at gait-cycle, walking-recording, and subject-independent levels using conventional classifiers, ablation analysis, subject-balanced cycle aggregation, and an information-theoretic three-dimensional feature-space rule model (ITFS-RM). KNN achieved an accuracy of 0.9668 at the gait-cycle level, and MLP achieved an accuracy of 0.9344 at the walking-recording level. Under stricter subject-independent evaluation, the accuracy was 0.8475, and subject-balanced-cycle aggregation achieved an accuracy of 0.8655. Region-specific analysis and ablation experiments showed spatially heterogeneous HC\u2013PD differences, with the toe region showing the most consistent contribution. SII, KL, and NEG provided stable discriminative contributions, particularly in toe-related and regional-transition features. ITFS-RM provided explicit feature combinations, value ranges, and spatial rule boundaries for interpretable walking-recording level and subject-grouped separation. These results support region-specific information-theoretic analysis as an interpretable representation of plantar-pressure dynamics for PD gait assessment and emphasize the need for subject-wise validation when repeated walking recordings are available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16070391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T16:19:27Z","timestamp":1784564367000},"page":"391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Region-Specific Information-Theoretic Feature Representation of Wearable Plantar Insole Signals for Parkinson\u2019s Disease Gait Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9627-5284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infocommunication Technologies, Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, 220013 Minsk, Belarus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0029-9770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infocommunication Technologies, Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, 220013 Minsk, Belarus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8450-7876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qikai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infocommunication Technologies, Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, 220013 Minsk, Belarus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5326-462X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infocommunication Technologies, Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, 220013 Minsk, Belarus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"di Biase, L., Raiano, L., Caminiti, M.L., Pecoraro, P.M., and Di Lazzaro, V. 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