{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:52:10Z","timestamp":1785408730294,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004035","name":"Jordan University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03y8mtb59","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Effective management of wastewater treatment plants often requires real-time measurements of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). Conventional methods for determining Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) are often time-consuming, labor-intensive and prone to inaccuracies. Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) have emerged as a viable alternative technology for BOD measurement, offering real-time monitoring capability. However, challenges remain in its validity for testing different types of wastewater. This study developed a cost-effective dual-chamber MFC with graphite felt electrodes and a CMI-7000 membrane, inoculated with a microbial consortia grown from anaerobic sludge at optimal conditions (35 \u00b0C, pH 7, 1000 \u03a9 external resistance). After one month of biofilm formation, the MFC produced 600 mV. Voltage outputs were measured at six BOD5 concentrations (36 to 583 mg\/L) in synthetic wastewater, showing a strong linear correlation between BOD5 concentrations and voltage outputs. The MFC was also tested with five domestic wastewater samples with BOD5 values ranging between 81 and 405 mg\/L. The output voltages were inserted into the derived voltage\u2013BOD correlation to obtain BOD5 values within 2.5% to 11% of conventional laboratory results. These findings confirm the potential of MFC-based biosensors as an efficient and accurate tool for real-time wastewater monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16080406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T08:15:56Z","timestamp":1785140156000},"page":"406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Use of Anaerobic Sludge Microbial Consortia in a Microbial Fuel Cell Biosensor for Biochemical Oxygen Demand Measurement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hebah","family":"Altaweel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamal","family":"Abu-Ashour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9760-7594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Borhan Aldeen","family":"Albiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology Institute, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0770-9800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bassim","family":"Abbassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental, and Water Resources Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-016-5251-1","article-title":"Relationships between water quality parameters in rivers and lakes: BOD5, COD, NBOPs, and TOC","volume":"188","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. 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