{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T01:28:09Z","timestamp":1787880489288,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy","award":["2025-QNJJ-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-QNJJ-008"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32372437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32372437"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32572683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32572683"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32372437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32372437"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32572683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32572683"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common foodborne pathogen that can cause the severe contamination of dairy products. Therefore, there is an urgent need for rapid detection methods. In this study, a paper-based biosensor integrating a dual-recognition strategy using aptamers and antibodies was developed for the sensitive, rapid, and on-site detection of S. aureus in complex milk matrices. The biosensor combines a milk matrix-adapted aptamer with polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) and utilizes colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as visual signal reporters. Using a SELEX process tailored to the milk matrix, the high-affinity aptamer SA2-1 was selected to specifically bind S. aureus, while pAbs enabled multi-epitope capture on the paper substrate. The aptamer\u2013AuNP conjugates generated visual signals, achieving a detection limit of 102 CFU\/mL within 15 min without an instrument. This dual-recognition strategy synergistically enhances both sensitivity and specificity, offering a cost-effective solution for dairy safety monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16080417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T10:24:07Z","timestamp":1785752647000},"page":"417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Paper-Based Biosensor Using Dual-Recognition Molecules for Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in Milk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Weichen","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0094-711X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010105, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaozhong","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010105, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Hohhot 010105, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5051-6406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longjiao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2302-8490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wentao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcsw.2024.100137","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus: Current Perspectives on Molecular Pathogenesis and Virulence","volume":"13","author":"Girma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Surf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111488","article-title":"Study on Diagnosis of Subclinical Mastitis and Identification of Pathogens Using Electronic Nose Detection of Cow\u2019s Milk","volume":"244","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Comput. 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