{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:50:22Z","timestamp":1785905422440,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["(BJ-2023-114)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(BJ-2023-114)"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early screening is essential for improving the prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC), for which fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) remains one of the most widely adopted noninvasive screening approaches. However, conventional FOBT methods often exhibit insufficient sensitivity and limited reliability when handling complex fecal matrices, largely due to nonspecific fouling and cumbersome sample pretreatment procedures. Herein, we report a surface plasmon resonance biosensor integrating a self-assembled anti-fouling interface with DNA aptamer-mediated molecular recognition for sensitive hemoglobin detection in fecal samples. The engineered sensing surface exhibits high interfacial stability and resistance to nonspecific adsorption, enabling direct analysis of fecal samples without complicated pretreatment. The proposed platform achieved a detection limit of 1 nM and a diagnostic accuracy of 97.6%. This study demonstrates the feasibility of SPR-based hemoglobin detection in complex fecal samples using an antifouling sensing interface and highlights its potential as a promising optical biosensing strategy for noninvasive colorectal cancer screening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16080418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T10:24:07Z","timestamp":1785752647000},"page":"418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A High Sensitivity and Anti-Scaling Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor for Early Screening of Colorectal Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ting Jou","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan City 333321, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Jung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jen-Tsai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1159\/000543921","article-title":"Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Public Health Strategies","volume":"106","author":"Matsuda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104693","article-title":"Epidemiology, incidence and treatment of rectal cancer in young women case serie about 11 cases (case series)","volume":"82","author":"Hajri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scrs.2025.101118","article-title":"Global perspectives on young-onset colorectal cancer: Epidemiology, challenges, and advances","volume":"36","author":"Goldberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Semin. Colon Rectal Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, C.T., Wong, Y.J., Lim, X.J., Chew, C.C., and Rajan, P. (2026). Mapping global evidence on pharmacy-based colorectal cancer screening initiatives in community settings: A scoping review. Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2026.07.001"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maddula, M., Cohen, J., Kumarasinghe, D., Ballinger, M., Tearle, J., James, K., Nagrial, A., Barnet, M., and Thavaneswaran, S. (2026). Risk Factors in Sporadic Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer, Current Evidence and Emerging Insights: A Systematic Review. Cancers, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18101515"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fanizza, J., Bencardino, S., Allocca, M., Furfaro, F., Zilli, A., Parigi, T.L., Fiorino, G., Peyrin-Biroulet, L., Danese, S., and D\u2019Amico, F. (2024). Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202407.2568.v1"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, P., Tao, Z., Yang, H., and Zhang, C. (2024). Obesity and early-onset colorectal cancer risk: Emerging clinical evidence and biological mechanisms. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1366544"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries, CA","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102666","article-title":"Evolving landscape of colorectal cancer: Global and regional burden, risk factor dynamics, and future scenarios (the Global Burden of Disease 1990\u20132050)","volume":"104","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobson, C.E., Harbaugh, C.M., Agbedinu, K., and Kwakye, G. (2024). Colorectal Cancer Outcomes: A Comparative Review of Resource-Limited Settings in Low- and Middle-Income Countries and Rural America. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16193302"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000560","article-title":"Fecal Occult Blood Test for Evaluation of Symptoms or for Diagnostic Testing","volume":"115","author":"Sokoro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maida, M., Dahiya, D.S., Shah, Y.R., Tiwari, A., Gopakumar, H., Vohra, I., Khan, A., Jaber, F., Ramai, D., and Facciorusso, A. (2024). Screening and Surveillance of Colorectal Cancer: A Review of the Literature. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16152746"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.5306\/wjco.v15.i7.799","article-title":"Screening of colorectal cancer: Methods and strategies","volume":"15","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1007\/s12596-024-02265-3","article-title":"A Review of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Technology in Biosensing: Innovations, Applications and Future Trends","volume":"55","author":"Kumari","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butt, M.A. (2025). Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Biodetection Systems: Principles, Progress and Applications\u2014A Comprehensive Review. Biosensors, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15010035"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2019.111449","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors for food allergen detection in food matrices","volume":"142","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202200380","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202200380","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonance based-optical biosensor: Emerging diagnostic tool for early detection of diseases","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1958745","article-title":"Recent advances in Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensors for food analysis: A review","volume":"63","author":"Ravindran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2023.117501","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonance as a fascinating approach in target-based drug discovery and development, TrAC","volume":"171","author":"Das","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chauhan, B.V.S., Verma, S., Rahman, B.M.A., and Wyche, K.P. (2025). Deep Learning in Airborne Particulate Matter Sensing and Surface Plasmon Resonance for Environmental Monitoring. Atmosphere, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202503.0905.v1"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Hu, Y., Zhang, W., Zhang, T., and He, X. (2025). Research Progress on Immunological Biochips Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance. Photonics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics12040294"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalid-Salako, F., Kurt, H., and Y\u00fcce, M. (2025). Surface Plasmon Resonance Aptasensors: Emerging Design and Deployment Landscape. Biosensors, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios15060359"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121466","article-title":"Investigation of the recognition interaction between glycated hemoglobin and its aptamer by using surface plasmon resonance","volume":"222","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5045","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA09204D","article-title":"Copper-nanoparticle-dispersed amorphous BaTiO3 thin films as hole-trapping centers: Enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40145-016-0209-x","article-title":"Enhanced photocatalytic activity in Ag-nanoparticle-dispersed BaTiO3 composite thin films: Role of charge transfer","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Ceram."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2015.09.053","article-title":"SPR enhanced photocatalytic properties of Au-dispersed amorphous BaTiO3 nanocomposite thin films","volume":"654","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1039\/C4LC01124D","article-title":"Selection of aptamers specific for glycated hemoglobin and total hemoglobin using on-chip SELEX","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2015.04.067","article-title":"A Monte Carlo study on LCCC characterization of graft copolymers at the critical condition of side chains","volume":"67","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6328","DOI":"10.1021\/la900083s","article-title":"Interaction of Blood Plasma with Antifouling Surfaces","volume":"25","author":"Brynda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2008.08.013","article-title":"Surface glycosylation of polyacrylonitrile ultrafiltration membrane to improve its anti-fouling performance","volume":"325","author":"Dai","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2010.10.018","article-title":"Fabrication and anti-fouling properties of photochemically and thermally immobilized poly(ethylene oxide) and low molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) thin films","volume":"354","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15566","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA03199G","article-title":"Anti-fouling and anti-bacterial polyethersulfone membranes quaternized from the additive of poly(2-dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate) grafted SiO2 nanoparticles","volume":"2","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.1972.tb00001.x","article-title":"A method for freezing and washing red blood cells using a high glycerol concentration","volume":"12","author":"Meryman","year":"1972","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(51)91827-2","article-title":"Successful transfusion of previously frozen human red cells","volume":"258","author":"Mollison","year":"1951","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(50)91861-7","article-title":"Prevention of h\u00e6molysis during freezing and thawing of red blood-cells","volume":"256","author":"Smith","year":"1950","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9789","DOI":"10.1021\/jp034331k","article-title":"Structure of Dithiothreitol Monolayers on Au(111)","volume":"107","author":"MacDairmid","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.06.017","article-title":"Nucleation and growth of calcium phosphate on amine-, carboxyl- and hydroxyl-silane self-assembled monolayers","volume":"27","author":"Toworfe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.10.024","article-title":"Antifouling aptasensor for the detection of adenosine triphosphate in biological media based on mixed self-assembled aptamer and zwitterionic peptide","volume":"101","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s11249-016-0659-x","article-title":"Discussion on Surface Plasmon Resonance Technique in the Otto Configuration for Measurement of Lubricant Film Thickness","volume":"62","author":"Maegawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tribol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Z., Ji, X., Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Liu, K., Wang, C., Deng, Y., Zhang, T., Cheng, X., and Zhao, R. (2022). Clinical Status and Future Prospects of Transanal Total Mesorectal Excision. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.752737"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25012","article-title":"Cumulative evaluation of a quantitative immunochemical fecal occult blood test to determine its optimal clinical use","volume":"116","author":"Rozen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer"}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/16\/8\/418\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:27:24Z","timestamp":1785904044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/16\/8\/418"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["bios16080418"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios16080418","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]}}}