{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T04:44:08Z","timestamp":1786164248487,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":217,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006407","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["252300423672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252300423672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006407","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2026JJ50383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026JJ50383"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) can facilitate the establishment and implementation of therapeutic interventions. The currently used diagnosis methods for AD mainly include cerebrospinal fluid analysis and positron emission tomography imaging. Due to their high invasiveness, high cost, and limited accessibility, these technologies are difficult to meet the needs of large-scale population screening, grading diagnosis, and treatment, thereby limiting the popularization of early diagnosis of AD. The detection of blood biomarkers has become an important breakthrough in early screening and diagnosis of different diseases due to its non-invasive, low-cost, and easy-to-operation advantages. Recently, blood proteins such as amyloid-beta (A\u03b2), total and phosphorylated Tau, light chain neurofilaments (NFL), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) have been considered promising biomarkers for the diagnosis of AD. However, there is currently no effective, minimally invasive, and easily accessible detection method for clinical diagnosis and risk prediction of AD. Electrochemical and electrical biosensors are highly sensitive, simple, fast, and cost-effective analytical tools for disease monitoring, drug development, and target detection. In this work, we comprehensively and systematically overview the progress of various electrochemical and electrical techniques for determining AD-related blood protein biomarkers, mainly including electrochemistry, electrochemiluminescence, photoelectrochemistry, quartz crystal microbalance, field-effect transistor, and organic electrochemical transistor. This work can provide guidance for researchers to develop novel electrochemical and electrical biosensors for early and accurate diagnosis of AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16080426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T09:46:38Z","timestamp":1786009598000},"page":"426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Overview in Electrochemical and Electrical Biosensors for Determining Blood Protein Biomarkers of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fengli","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Province of Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7982-6005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Province of Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Province of Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoyang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Province of Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9218-7161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyao","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-08186-8","article-title":"Amyloid-\u03b2 and Tau in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Pathogenesis, mechanisms, and interplay","volume":"17","author":"Abdulkhaliq","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5446","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS00107D","article-title":"Chemical sensing platforms for detecting trace-level Alzheimer\u2019s core biomarkers","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. 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