{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T11:21:13Z","timestamp":1787570473694,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, the Republic of China","award":["NSTC 113-2221-E-194-011-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2221-E-194-011-MY3"]}]},{"award":["NSTC 113-2221-E-194-011-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2221-E-194-011-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02kv4zf79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012542","name":"Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation-National Chung Cheng University Joint Research Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DTCRD114-C-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DTCRD114-C-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015045","name":"Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital Research Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KAFGH_D_115-064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAFGH_D_115-064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015045","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent statistics reported by the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research on Cancer indicate that the global incidence of bladder cancer has continued to increase in recent years, particularly in industrialized countries. Therefore, the timely diagnosis of early-stage bladder cancer is of great clinical importance for improving patient prognosis and treatment outcomes. In this context, computational optical sensing frameworks that integrate Spectrum-Aided Visual Enhancer (SAVE) technology with cystoscopy have attracted significant attention to overcome the limitations of conventional visual data interpretation. In this study, an AI-driven optical biosensing framework was evaluated using 1372 white-light cystoscopy (WLC) images of bladder cancer (RGB-WLC) collected in collaboration with Chung Shan Medical University Hospital. Hyperspectral conversion technology was applied to extract precise spectral information from the white-light images. Subsequently, dimensionality reduction was performed based on the characteristic wavelengths of narrow-band imaging cystoscopy at 415 nm and 540 nm to generate hyperspectral reconstructed narrow-band images. The images were categorized into Ta stage (Ta), above T1 stage (Above T1), and four additional classes. The dataset was divided into training and testing sets to establish both a standard white-light cystoscopy model (RGB-WLC) and an advanced hyperspectral biosensing model utilizing the YOLOv8 architecture for enhanced pattern recognition. Model performance was evaluated using sensitivity, F1-score, and overall accuracy. The standard RGB-WLC model achieved an accuracy of 0.852, whereas the SAVE-based biosensing model achieved an accuracy of 0.948, representing an improvement of approximately 11.27%. The results demonstrate that combining algorithmic hyperspectral reconstruction with deep learning architectures effectively addresses the challenges of clinical data interpretation and significantly enhances the detection and staging performance of bladder cancer imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16080445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T11:00:05Z","timestamp":1786964405000},"page":"445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deep Learning-Assisted Accuracy Improvement in Bladder Cancer Staging of Spectrum-Aided Visual Enhanced Cystoscopy Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kuan-Hsun","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 2, Minsheng Road, Dalin, Chiayi 62247, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-You","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Opto-Mechatronics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Chien","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Opto-Mechatronics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5763-3072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Ling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Opto-Mechatronics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie-Lun","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Opto-Mechatronics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lung-Hsiang","family":"Chuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Urological Surgery Division, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, 2, Zhongzheng 1st. Rd., Lingya District, Kaohsiung City 80284, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4107-2062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsiang-Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Opto-Mechatronics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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