{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T09:25:33Z","timestamp":1787045133160,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USECHIP","award":["TSI-069100-2023-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSI-069100-2023-001"]}]},{"name":"Secretary of State for Telecommunications and Digital Infrastructure, Ministry for Digital Transformation and Civil Service"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04ex4j806","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union\u2013NextGenerationEU\/PRTR"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MICIU","award":["PID2021-1225290B-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-1225290B-100"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006545","name":"EU\u2013Ministry of Finance and Public Function\u2013European Funds\u2013Regional Government of Andalusia\u2013Regional Ministry of University, Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SOL2024-31706"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SOL2024-31706"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["SOL2024-31706"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SOL2024-31706"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040p1ka70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The bystander effect describes the induction of responses in non-targeted cells through cell signaling by directly stimulated cells. While this phenomenon has been extensively studied in the context of ionizing radiation, its occurrence following electrical stimulation (ES) remains poorly understood. Conditioned medium from N2a neuroblastoma cells exposed to voltage-controlled biphasic pulses at 500 mV\/mm and 100 Hz induced neuronal differentiation in non-stimulated cells through an ES bystander effect. Bystander medium promoted morphological changes associated with neuronal differentiation, including increased neurite outgrowth and a reduction in the proliferation marker KI-67, indicating that the effects of ES extend to neighboring non-targeted cells. Molecular analysis revealed increased expression and secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) following ES, while neutralization of the IL-6 receptor inhibited the effects of ES, highlighting the role of IL-6 as a key mediator of this effect. We provide the first evidence that ES promotes a differentiation-associated bystander effect mediated by IL-6.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16080447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T08:08:41Z","timestamp":1787040521000},"page":"447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bystander Effect Induced by Electrical Stimulation Promotes N2a Differentiation Through Interleukin-6"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0590-7341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica, ETSII, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla, IMSE-CNM, CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Orta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6141-8484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akaitz","family":"Dorronsoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Ruano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo\/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas\/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1814-6089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Y\u00fafera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica, ETSII, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Microelectr\u00f3nica de Sevilla, IMSE-CNM, CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Daza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-200307000-00008","article-title":"The bystander effect","volume":"85","author":"Hall","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2015.1100795","article-title":"Exosome-mediated microRNA transfer plays a role in radiation-induced bystander effect","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2603","article-title":"Radiation-induced bystander signalling in cancer therapy","volume":"9","author":"Prise","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. 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