{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T05:22:41Z","timestamp":1787376161941,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003766","name":"Ministry of National Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YLSY, 2018 and YLSY, 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YLSY, 2018 and YLSY, 2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003766","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Access to in-laboratory polysomnography (PSG) is restricted by prolonged waiting lists, and first-night effects can distort typical sleep architecture. This study evaluates the PneumoWave biosensor as a scalable, unobtrusive alternative for longitudinal single-channel home sleep apnea monitoring. Over three nights in an uncontrolled home environment, the biosensor\u2019s respiratory rate agreement was evaluated against smartwatch-derived respiratory rate estimates, whilst apnea\/hypopnea detection was compared with concurrent pulse oximetry. PneumoWave and smartwatch devices demonstrated good correlation (r = 0.870; p &lt; 0.001). The PneumoWave device showed strong measurement agreement and provided a highly predictive screening pathway for patients with intermediate-to-high obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) risk. Longitudinal analysis confirmed consistent multi-night performance without first-night effect biases (ICC = 0.956, p &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, its intuitive design yielded zero patient-induced setup errors, highlighting its operational robustness for self-administered use. Combining this continuous chest wall monitor with the STOP-Bang clinical questionnaire has the potential to provide an effective predictive screening pathway, improving community OSA screening and assisting clinical triage. Further validation against full polysomnography is warranted before clinical adoption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16080454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:05:19Z","timestamp":1787241919000},"page":"454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Wearable Respiratory Monitor for Home-Based Screening and Stratification of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Pilot Study in Participants with Intermediate-to-High STOP-Bang Scores"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7173-0864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Burcu","family":"Kolukisa Birgec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8917-5415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beyza","family":"Toprak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7475-5543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander Balfour","family":"Mullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"375","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease: Where Do We Stand?","volume":"27","author":"Peker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anatol. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00043.2008","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Sleep Apnea","volume":"90","author":"Dempsey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iannella, G., Pace, A., Bellizzi, M.G., Magliulo, G., Greco, A., De Virgilio, A., Croce, E., Gioacchini, F.M., Re, M., and Costantino, A. (2025). The Global Burden of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Diagnostics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15091088"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30198-5","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence and burden of obstructive sleep apnoea: A literature-based analysis","volume":"7","author":"Benjafield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.11.069","article-title":"Sleep Apnea: Types, Mechanisms, and Clinical Cardiovascular Consequences","volume":"69","author":"Javaheri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.2180","article-title":"Association of Sleep-Disordered Breathing With Cognitive Function and Risk of Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Leng","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210256","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0256-2021","article-title":"Bidirectional relationships of comorbidity with obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"31","author":"Gleeson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5834","article-title":"Risk of Occupational Accidents in Workers with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Garbarino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Frost & Sullivan (2016). Hidden Health Crisis Costing America Billions. Underdiagnosing and Undertreating Obstructive Sleep Apnea Draining Healthcare System, American Academy of Sleep Medicine."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e211009","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.1009","article-title":"Use and Performance of the STOP-Bang Questionnaire for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Screening Across Geographic Regions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"4","author":"Pivetta","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2024.102007","article-title":"The STOP-Bang questionnaire: A narrative review on its utilization in different populations and settings","volume":"78","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6506","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline for Diagnostic Testing for Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"13","author":"Kapur","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Gerstenslager, B., and Slowik, J. (2026, July 01). Sleep Study, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK563147\/."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12071","article-title":"Ambulatory models of care for obstructive sleep apnoea: Diagnosis and management","volume":"18","author":"Antic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240254","DOI":"10.29026\/oea.2025.240254","article-title":"Wearable photonic smart wristband for cardiorespiratory function assessment and biometric identification","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Adv."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.20517\/ss.2024.11","article-title":"3D-printed magnetic-based air pressure sensor for continuous respiration monitoring and breathing rehabilitation","volume":"4","author":"Zulkifli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soft Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.20517\/ss.2024.68","article-title":"Flexible and breathable MXene-modified paper-based piezoresistive pressure sensors integrated into airbag pillow for sleep monitoring","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Soft Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolukisa Birgec, B., Langley, R., Miller, J., Meredith, O., Toprak, B., and Mullen, A.B. (2026). In Vitro Investigation of the PneumoWave Biosensor for the Identification of Central Sleep Apnea in Pediatrics. Biosensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16020077"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolukisa Birgec, B., Toprak, B., and Mullen, A.B. (2026). Assessment of Respiratory Rate and Simulated Apnea Utilizing the PneumoWave Biosensor: In Vitro and In Vivo Validation. Biosensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16050256"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez Utrilla, M., Henderson, B., Kelly, S., Meredith, O., Tas, B., Lawn, W., Appiah-Kusi, E., Dillon, J.F., and Strang, J. (2025). Development of Novel Wearable Biosensor for Continuous Monitoring of Central Body Motion. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app152011027"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Henderson, B.C. (2020). Condition Detector. (U.S. Patent US20200129117A1), Available online: https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US20200129117A1\/en."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6761","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10934-1","article-title":"Definition of the snoring episode index based on the analyses of snoring parameters and the apnea hypopnea index","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Troester, M., Quan, S., Berry, R., Plante, D., Abreu, A., Alzoubaidi, M., Bandyopadhyay, A., DelRossa, L., Ebben, M., and Kwon, Y. (2017). The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications, American Academy of Sleep Medicine."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.3866","article-title":"Circulation time measurement from sleep studies in patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"10","author":"Kwon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0984-8","article-title":"Pulse oximetry","volume":"19","author":"Jubran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, H., Kim, D., Choi, J., and Joo, E.Y. (2023). Validating a Consumer Smartwatch for Nocturnal Respiratory Rate Measurements in Sleep Monitoring. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23187976"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.15420\/cfr.2025.29","article-title":"Home Sleep Apnoea Testing: Advances, Challenges and Considerations in Heart Failure","volume":"11","author":"Steinberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Card. Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202107-1761OC","article-title":"Multinight Prevalence, Variability, and Diagnostic Misclassification of Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"205","author":"Lechat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2640009","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219519426400099","article-title":"LAD-TCNM: A deep learning model for wearable ECG-based sleep apnea detection","volume":"26","author":"Shen","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Mech. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.20517\/ss.2025.93","article-title":"Machine learning-enabled on-mask triboelectric textile electronic system for real-time respiratory dynamics monitoring","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Soft Sci."}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/16\/8\/454\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T04:22:39Z","timestamp":1787372559000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/16\/8\/454"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["bios16080454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios16080454","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]}}}