{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T05:18:32Z","timestamp":1787635112440,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00339595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00339595"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2025-00558651"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-00558651"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2710079568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2710079568"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2024-00339595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00339595"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2025-00558651"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-00558651"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2710079568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2710079568"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020699","name":"Dongil Culture and Scholarship Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020699","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0014exv13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is an increasing demand for ultrasound imaging technologies, particularly wearable and portable systems, for continuous physiological monitoring applications. Although some recent flexible ultrasound devices have adopted polymer encapsulations, typical rigid transducer designs still include metal housings and costly electrodes, contributing to increased device weight and fabrication cost. To address these limitations, we developed an aluminum-electrode\/3D-printed polymer-housing ultrasound transducer (APUT) utilizing a polyvinylidene fluoride piezoelectric film. Compared to a gold-electrode\/metal-housing ultrasound transducer, the APUT material costs and total weight were approximately 66% and 86% lower, respectively. Acoustic evaluation revealed a center frequency of 24.5 MHz and a fractional bandwidth of 60.9%, with axial and lateral resolutions of 51 and 152 \u03bcm, respectively. Furthermore, during a 3-h pulsed operation test, the APUT exhibited an initial increase in capacitance followed by a relatively stable response, with no progressive surface-temperature increase detected within the accuracy of the measurement method. Finally, successful ex vivo imaging of chicken breast tissue confirms the APUT\u2019s biomedical applicability, highlighting its potential as a wearable, portable, and disposable ultrasound platform.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16090455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T10:07:53Z","timestamp":1787566073000},"page":"455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Low-Cost, Lightweight High-Frequency Ultrasound Transducer with Aluminum Electrodes and 3D-Printed Polymer Housing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hyungjung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Convergence Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woohyun","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Convergence Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Do-Kyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced AI Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6585-9911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaewoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence IT Engineering and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3366-2329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeongwoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Convergence Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Advanced Bioconvergence, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Biological Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-017-0021-8","article-title":"Ultrasonic transducers for medical diagnostic imaging","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. 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