{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T06:18:37Z","timestamp":1788157117278,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Postdoctoral Research Funding of Hangzhou international Innovation Institute of Beihang University","award":["2025BKZ033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025BKZ033"]}]},{"award":["2025BKZ033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025BKZ033"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00wk2mp56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Incubating Program","award":["PX2024019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PX2024019"]}]},{"award":["PX2024019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PX2024019"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04baakq55","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A self-driven terahertz metamaterial liquid biosensor composed of channel-structured metamaterials and a quartz microcavity is proposed for glioblastoma sample detection. The device transports liquid samples via capillary force. The permittivity (\u03b5eff) of liquid suspensions is comprehensively analyzed to provide theoretical support for the detection. For suspensions with the same contents, \u03b5eff decreases with increasing concentration, while under the same concentration condition, \u03b5eff decreases as particle size grows. An electric dipole resonance is excited at ~1.54 THz with theoretical sensitivity \u2265 242 GHz\/RIU (where RIU denotes refractive index unit). For the same type of cell discrimination, the frequencies of the biosensor\u2019s feature peaks shift from ~1.14, ~1.18, and ~1.20 THz with the rise in cell concentration of glioblastoma stem cell (GSC) suspension from 4 \u00d7 105, 6 \u00d7 105 to 8 \u00d7 105 cells\/mL, respectively. In addition, the GSC, U87 and U251\u2014whose average diameters increase in that order\u2014tested at the same concentration of 4 \u00d7 105 cells\/mL lead to feature peak shifts from ~1.14, ~1.17, and ~1.20 THz. Clear THz differences exist between healthy and patient serum, with peaks at 1.18 and 1.19 THz. The sensor effectively distinguishes cell suspensions but has limited serum discrimination capacity. The sensor retains cell morphology, requires little pretreatment, and is low-cost and fast for rapid glioblastoma clinical screening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16090476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T05:55:56Z","timestamp":1788155756000},"page":"476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Low-Cost Self-Driven Liquid Biosensor Based on Metamaterials for Glioblastoma-Related Sample Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kanglong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 311115, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Minghui","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Peiyuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China"},{"name":"Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 311115, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Zhangjiang Laboratory, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"343","article-title":"Circulating Glioma Biomarkers","volume":"17","author":"Kros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-016-0709-8","article-title":"Current and Future Strategies for Treatment of Glioma","volume":"40","author":"Bush","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurg. 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