{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:16:19Z","timestamp":1788412579481,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NSTC 108-2221-E-006-221-MY4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 108-2221-E-006-221-MY4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NSTC 108-2221-E-007-107-MY4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 108-2221-E-007-107-MY4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Behavioral investigation in zebrafish is essential for understanding adaptive responses, where learning represents a key process influenced by external stimuli. The applied stimulus plays a critical role in shaping such responses, therefore making physiologically relevant stimulation strategies important. Hydrodynamic stimuli represent one such modality, providing a natural and non-invasive means of activating mechanosensory responses in aquatic organisms, thereby enabling behavioral manipulation in microfluidic environments. To address this, a microfluidic assay was developed to generate controlled hydrodynamic environments by employing multiple S-shaped magnetic microactuators (SMMAs). Further, motions of these SMMAs were independently controlled to produce spatiotemporally varying vortical flow fields, enabling flow-induced transportation of zebrafish larvae. Flow dynamics were characterized by employing micro-particle image velocimetry (\u00b5PIV). Compared to the control condition, transportation time under microactuator-assisted guidance was significantly reduced, with a maximum improvement of 94.3% observed for a representative target zone. Building on this validated transport capability, training-dependent behavioral adaptation was quantified using latency under repeated hydrodynamic-training, where a reduction of 82.7% was achieved. Post-training assessment further demonstrated short-term retention of the acquired behavioral response followed by progressive extinction. These findings demonstrate that the proposed paradigm serves as a foundational behavioral assay leveraging hydrodynamic cues for studying adaptive responses in microfluidics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16090480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T05:45:13Z","timestamp":1788241513000},"page":"480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Behavioral Dynamics of Zebrafish Under Hydrodynamic Stimuli Induced by Magnetic Microactuator in Microfluidics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2305-8032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dineshkumar","family":"Loganathan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pu-Hsiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4112-892X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12487","article-title":"Animal models in neuroscience with alternative approaches: Evolutionary, biomedical, and ethical perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Neziri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. 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