{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T05:10:24Z","timestamp":1788844224344,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009103","name":"Education Department of Shaanxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025JC-YBMS-717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JC-YBMS-717"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009103","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2025JC-YBMS-717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JC-YBMS-717"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jb7xy46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004317","name":"Shihezi University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RCZK202322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RCZK202322"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004317","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RCZK202322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RCZK202322"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04x0kvm78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Precise quantification of respiratory pathogen transmission is urgently needed to underpin disease surveillance and support diagnostic decision-making in indoor healthcare settings. Although numerical simulations are widely used to study macro-scale transmission, the key physical parameters governing droplet dynamics remain insufficiently understood. This study develops a multi-scale transmission model to evaluate the effects of droplet evaporation, sedimentation, and ventilation on viral transmission. Based on the Wells evaporation\u2013sedimentation theory, a time-varying model is formulated incorporating droplet size distribution, environmental humidity, and ventilation conditions, with analytical expressions derived for concentration distributions across different respiratory activities (breathing, speaking, coughing, and sneezing). Results show that droplet size is decisive for transmission distance and lower relative humidity significantly extends sedimentation range. Small coughing droplets can travel up to 2.5 m, while the bimodal sneezing distribution (1.5 \u00b5m and 74 \u00b5m) generates high-concentration zones up to 2 m. To validate the model, a molecular communication testbed is developed as a biosensing-oriented platform integrating transmitters, receivers, and configurable ventilation modules with real-time sensing capabilities, enabling systematic verification under varied breathing modes, humidity, and ventilation conditions. Experimental results show strong agreement with theoretical predictions. This framework provides a quantitative basis for biosensing-enabled environmental monitoring and diagnostic-oriented risk assessment, informing ventilation optimization and infection control measures in indoor environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16090492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T16:21:21Z","timestamp":1788452481000},"page":"492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modeling and Experimental Validation for Detecting Indoor Respiratory Droplet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4627-451X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fuqiang","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusheng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7465-0418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengfei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00535-6","article-title":"Transmissibility and transmission of respiratory viruses","volume":"19","author":"Leung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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