{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T05:05:00Z","timestamp":1789275900687,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ningbo Natural Science Foundation project","award":["2024J215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024J215"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["LY23F020013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY23F020013"]}]},{"award":["LY23F020013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY23F020013"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04aqat463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["61972350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61972350"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["61972350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61972350"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ningbo 2025 Major Project of Science and Technology Innovation","award":["2021Z109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021Z109"]}]},{"name":"Major Technological Innovation Projects of Ningbo High tech Zone","award":["2022BCX050002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BCX050002"]}]},{"name":"2023 Ningbo Key Research Plan","award":["2023Z040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023Z040"]}]},{"name":"Ningbo Science and Technology Innovation Yongjiang 2035 Key Technology Breakthrough Plan","award":["2024Z261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024Z261"]}]},{"name":"Ningbo Public Welfare Research Program","award":["2023S108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023S108"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Depressive symptoms are prevalent in university students, yet scalable screening is constrained by self-report and intermittent assessment. Wearable monitoring of motion and light offers an objective alternative, though their combined screening characterization is limited. Undergraduate volunteers wore a self-designed wristband for seven days, recording triaxial acceleration and ambient light at 1 min resolution. Depressive symptoms were assessed via nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and grouped as Dep (\u22655) or HC (&lt;5). Motion and light rhythm features were extracted from 24 h profiles and predefined windows; logistic regression (LR) and support vector machine (SVM) compared motion-only, light-only, and joint sets, interpreted with Shapley additive explanations (SHAP). After preprocessing, 152 participants provided valid activity data (HC = 132, Dep = 20) and 218 valid light data (HC = 186, Dep = 32). The Dep group showed delayed activity timing, lower daily light exposure, and greater evening motion irregularity, with differences most prominent during 18:00\u201322:00 for motion entropy and variance. The joint motion\u2013light SVM performed best (accuracy 85.2%, recall 60.0%, F1 Score 46.2%, Area Under Curve 0.892). SHAP highlighted evening motion entropy and variance, morning light exposure, and rhythm-related wavelet features. These findings indicate that wearable motion and light rhythms are associated with depressive symptoms; evening motion entropy and morning light exposure may aid campus risk screening as interpretable markers, although the cross-sectional design and PHQ-9-based grouping preclude diagnostic or causal conclusions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16090513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T12:24:33Z","timestamp":1789129473000},"page":"513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Wearable-Derived Evening Motion Entropy and Morning Light Exposure Are Associated with Depressive Symptoms in University Students"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Guanxiang","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2350-3750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qizhi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Linxin","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China"},{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4817-3835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuezhou","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6504-1418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianghong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhengxiang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2025, June 22). 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