{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:02:20Z","timestamp":1789448540795,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NSTC 114-2112-M-030-004-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114-2112-M-030-004-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NSTC 112-2313-B-002-049-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2313-B-002-049-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NSTC 114-2313-B-002-012-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114-2313-B-002-012-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of cells located between retinal photoreceptors and the choroid, playing a critical role in maintaining visual function by protecting the retina and supporting photoreceptor metabolism. Damage to RPE cells can lead to visual disorders, including macular degeneration. Chronic exposure to high-energy blue light has been shown to elevate intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in RPE cells, causing oxidative stress and cellular damage. In this study, a microfluidic platform incorporating a gradient-generating structure was developed to establish controllable and stable gradients of blue light intensity and chemical concentrations. This platform was used to investigate the effects of varying blue light intensities and antioxidant concentrations on oxidative stress in human RPE cells ARPE-19. Cells cultured within the microfluidic channels were exposed to different blue light intensities in combination with chemical treatments. Results demonstrated that ROS production increased with higher blue light intensity, whereas higher antioxidant concentrations effectively reduced ROS accumulation, supporting the ability of these antioxidants to attenuate blue-light-induced intracellular oxidative stress. The present microfluidic device enables simultaneous evaluation of multiple conditions within a single experiment, reducing reagent consumption and enhancing experimental efficiency. This in vitro microfluidic platform integrates chemical and light gradients to assess retinal oxidative damage and antioxidant effects, offering significant potential for ophthalmic drug screening and investigations of retinal protective mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16090516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:19:41Z","timestamp":1789381181000},"page":"516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Microfluidic Gradient Platform for High-Throughput Evaluation of Blue-Light-Induced Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Protection in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8045-8665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hon-Man-Herman","family":"Tam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sheng-Yen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7513-0251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung-Shin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0440-6836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai-Yin","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201900102","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201900102","article-title":"The inner clock-Blue light sets the human rhythm","volume":"12","author":"Wahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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