{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:10:29Z","timestamp":1790071829188,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korean Government","award":["RS-2026-25468525"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25468525"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dielectrophoretic (DEP) enrichment is a powerful strategy to enhance bacterial capture efficiency and accelerate the response of electrochemical biosensors by actively concentrating target bioparticles at the sensing interface. In this study, a combined numerical\u2013experimental framework is developed to rationally design a DEP-assisted electrochemical biosensor with improved bacterial capture and detection performance. A finite-element modeling (FEM) approach was used to model the coupled electric field, dielectrophoretic force, and particle-transport phenomena, providing a quantitative basis for comparing bacterial trapping efficiency across different interdigitated electrode geometries. The modeling reveals that a wave-shaped interdigitated electrode (W_IDE) generates extended high-field regions and an enlarged effective capture area, resulting in an improved bacterial capture efficiency of 19% compared to 12% for the conventional rectangular interdigitated electrodes (R_IDE) under positive DEP (pDEP) conditions. Based on these insights, the W_IDE was fabricated on a printed circuit board (PCB) substrate, modified with platinum-black (Pt-black) to increase electroactive surface area, and interfaced with a custom-built 16-channel portable potentiostat unit, enabling sequential impedance measurements. The developed biosensor was applied to pDEP-assisted impedance detection of Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus using vancomycin as the capture probe. The pDEP-assisted operation enabled rapid and highly sensitive detection down to 10 CFU\/mL within 30 min with a wide linear range (10\u2013105 CFU\/mL) in 0.1\u00d7 PBS, outperforming passive detection (102\u2013105 CFU\/mL) for both Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus. In skim milk, however, the linear detection ranges shifted to 102\u2013105 CFU\/mL with pDEP-assisted detection and 103\u2013105 CFU\/mL under passive detection conditions. Overall, this work highlights the significance of combining FEM-optimized electrodes with DEP-driven enrichment to achieve improved bacterial capture, sensitivity, and robustness in electrochemical biosensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios16090527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:04:17Z","timestamp":1790067857000},"page":"527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electric-Field-Assisted Enrichment and Electrochemical Detection of Gram-Positive Bacteria Using an FEM-Guided Interdigitated Electrode Biosensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"family":"Zeeshan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naeem","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT3 9DT, UK"},{"name":"Momentum 1.0 Research, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT3 9DT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9118-8050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaeyoung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4818","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CS00693K","article-title":"Methods for the detection and identification of pathogenic bacteria: Past, present, and future","volume":"46","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. 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