{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T06:03:41Z","timestamp":1778997821560,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,7]],"date-time":"2017-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are Category A agents on the NIAID (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) priority pathogen list owing to their extreme toxicity and the relative ease of production. These deadly toxins, in minute quantities (estimated human i.v. lethal dose LD50 of 1\u20132 ng\/kg body weight), cause fatal flaccid paralysis by blocking neurotransmitter release. The current gold standard detection method, the mouse-bioassay, often takes days to confirm botulism. Furthermore, there are no effective antidotes known to reverse the symptoms of botulism, and as a result, patients with severe botulism often require meticulous care during the prolonged paralytic illness. To combat potential bio-terrorism incidents of botulinum neurotoxins, their rapid detection is paramount. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a very sensitive technique to examine bio-molecular interactions. The label-free, real-time analysis, with high sensitivity and low sample consumption makes this technology particularly suitable for detection of the toxin. In this study, we demonstrated the feasibility in an assay with a newly designed SPR instrument for the rapid detection of botulinum neurotoxins. The LOD (limit of detection) of the Newton Photonics (NP) SPR based assay is 6.76 pg\/mL for Botulinum Neurotoxin type A Light Chain (BoNT\/A LC). We established that the detection sensitivity of the system is comparable to the traditional mouse LD50 bioassay in BoNT\/A using this SPR technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios7030032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,9]],"date-time":"2017-08-09T06:32:14Z","timestamp":1502260334000},"page":"32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["A Novel Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for the Rapid Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Kruti","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shmuel","family":"Halevi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newton Photonics, Newton, MA 02458, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Melman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newton Photonics, Newton, MA 02458, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AcuityBio, Inc., 200 Upland Rd., Newton, MA 02460, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuowei","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bal","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA"},{"name":"Botulinum Research Center, Institute of Advanced Sciences, Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-830901","article-title":"Botulism: Update and review","volume":"24","author":"Cherington","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin. 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