{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:17:03Z","timestamp":1790007423501,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]],"date-time":"2019-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tin oxide nanofibres (NFs) are used as nanosensors in electronic noses. Their performance is compared to that of oxide commercial chemical sensors for pollutant detection. NFs were grown by electrospinning and deposited onto silicon substrates with integrated micro-hotplates. NF morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The NFs presented high sensitivity to NO2 at low temperature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios9010021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]],"date-time":"2019-02-06T03:03:05Z","timestamp":1549422185000},"page":"21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Development of Tin Oxide-Based Nanosensors for Electronic Nose Environmental Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5917-9469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Sayago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics Technology and Information (ITEFI-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0620-2757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Aleixandre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics Technology and Information (ITEFI-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4181-5148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Pedro","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics Technology and Information (ITEFI-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2018, October 25). Low-Cost Sensors for the Measurement of Atmospheric Composition: Overview of Topic and Future Applications|Climate & Clean Air Coalition. Available online: http:\/\/www.ccacoalition.org\/en\/resources\/low-cost-sensors-measurement-atmospheric-composition-overview-topic-and-future."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"223","article-title":"E-Noses: Actual Limitations and Perspectives for Environmental Odour Analysis","volume":"54","author":"Guillot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Trans."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szulczy\u0144ski, B., Wasilewski, T., Wojnowski, W., Majchrzak, T., Dymerski, T., Namie\u015bnik, J., and G\u0119bicki, J. (2017). Different Ways to Apply a Measurement Instrument of E-Nose Type to Evaluate Ambient Air Quality with Respect to Odour Nuisance in a Vicinity of Municipal Processing Plants. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112671"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jasinski, G., Wozniak, L., Kalinowski, P., and Jasinski, P. (2018, January 10\u201313). Evaluation of the Electronic Nose Used for Monitoring Environmental Pollution. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE XV International Scientific Conference on Optoelectronic and Electronic Sensors (COE), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/COE.2018.8435146"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"357","article-title":"Review of Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors for the Detection and Identification of Toxic Environmental Gases\/vapours","volume":"43","author":"Panneerselvam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dung, T., Oh, Y., Choi, S.-J., Kim, I.-D., Oh, M.-K., Kim, M., Dung, T.T., Oh, Y., Choi, S.-J., and Kim, I.-D. (2018). Applications and Advances in Bioelectronic Noses for Odour Sensing. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010103"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capezzuto, L., Abbamonte, L., De Vito, S., Massera, E., Formisano, F., Fattoruso, G., Di Francia, G., and Buonanno, A. (2014, January 2\u20135). A Maker Friendly Mobile and Social Sensing Approach to Urban Air Quality Monitoring. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Sensors, Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2014.6984920"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hannon, A., Lu, Y., Li, J., and Meyyappan, M. (2016). A Sensor Array for the Detection and Discrimination of Methane and Other Environmental Pollutant Gases. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081163"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2016.48","article-title":"A Web-Based Approach for Classifying Environmental Pollutants Using Portable E-Nose Devices","volume":"31","author":"Herrero","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.3390\/s120302610","article-title":"Metal Oxide Nanostructures and their Gas Sensing Properties: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2008.06.003","article-title":"Quasi-One Dimensional Metal Oxide Semiconductors: Preparation, Characterization and Application as Chemical Sensors","volume":"54","author":"Comini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/917320","article-title":"One-Dimensional SnO2 Nanostructures: Synthesis and Applications","volume":"2012","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrysgro.2009.10.052","article-title":"Fabrication of SnO2 One-Dimensional Nanosturctures with Graded Diameters by Chemical Vapor Deposition Method","volume":"312","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2013.05.011","article-title":"Structural and Electrical Properties of SnO2 Films Grown on R-Cut Sapphire at Different Substrate Temperature by MOCVD","volume":"99","author":"Luan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.-H., Abideen, Z.U., Zheng, Y., and Kim, S.S. (2016). Improvement of Toluene-Sensing Performance of SnO2 Nanofibers by Pt Functionalization. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16111857"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.12.017","article-title":"Growth Kinetics of Nanograins in SnO2 Fibers and Size Dependent Sensing Properties","volume":"152","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2017.03.002","article-title":"Nanofiber Technology: Current Status and Emerging Developments","volume":"70","author":"Kenry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2006.00989.x","article-title":"Electrospinning: A Simple and Versatile Technique for Producing Ceramic Nanofibers and Nanotubes","volume":"89","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(03)00178-7","article-title":"A Review on Polymer Nanofibers by Electrospinning and Their Applications in Nanocomposites","volume":"63","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.06.039","article-title":"Preparation of Mesoporous In2O3 Nanofibers by Electrospinning and Their Application as a CO Gas Sensor","volume":"149","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.1797","article-title":"Nanostructured Metal Oxide Gas Sensors Prepared by Electrospinning","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.3390\/s90301609","article-title":"Gas Sensors Based on Electrospun Nanofibers","volume":"9","author":"Ding","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2008.06.003","article-title":"Effects of nitrogen dioxide on human health: Systematic review of experimental and epidemiological studies conducted between 2002 and 2006","volume":"212","author":"Latza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2018, November 15). Air Quality in Europe\u20142018 Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/air-quality-in-europe-2018."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2018, October 25). Ambient (Outdoor) Air Quality and Health. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (2019, February 01). Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions\u2014\u201cA Clean Air Programme for Europe\u201d, COM (2013) 918 final. Available online: http:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:52013DC0918&from=EN."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (2019, February 01). Directive 2008\/50\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. Available online: http:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/en\/ALL\/?uri=CELEX:32008L0050."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2019, February 01). TD1105\u2014European Network on New Sensing Technologies for Air-Pollution Control and Environmental Sustainability\u2014EuNetAir. Available online: https:\/\/www.cost.eu\/actions\/TD1105\/#tabs|Name:overview."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.03.031","article-title":"Field Calibration of a Cluster of Low-Cost Available Sensors for Air Quality Monitoring. Part A: Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide","volume":"215","author":"Spinelle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24231","DOI":"10.3390\/s141224231","article-title":"Nanocrystalline Tin Oxide Nanofibers Deposited by a Novel Focused Electrospinning Method. Application to the Detection of TATP Precursors","volume":"14","author":"Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"235","article-title":"An Advanced Hand Held Electronic Nose for Ambient Air Applications","volume":"68","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Trans."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"159","article-title":"WiNOSE: Wireless Electronic Nose for Outdoors Applications","volume":"23","author":"Santos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Trans."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.02.052","article-title":"Highly sensitive NO2 gas sensor of ppb-level detection based on In2O3 nanobricks at low temperature","volume":"262","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47083","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA01958G","article-title":"Synthesis and NO2 Sensing Properties of Indium Oxide Nanorod Clusters via a Simple Solvothermal Route","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.02.008","article-title":"On-Chip Fabrication of ZnO-Nanowire Gas Sensor with High Gas Sensitivity","volume":"138","author":"Ahn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95508","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/19\/9\/095508","article-title":"Novel Fabrication of an SnO2 Nanowire Gas Sensor with High Sensitivity","volume":"19","author":"Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.09.115","article-title":"Preparation and Gas Sensing Properties of Hierarchical Leaf-like SnO2 Materials","volume":"255","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."}],"container-title":["Biosensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/9\/1\/21\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:31:05Z","timestamp":1760185865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6374\/9\/1\/21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["bios9010021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bios9010021","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]]}}}