{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T14:29:45Z","timestamp":1771943385144,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,2]],"date-time":"2019-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015652","name":"Barts Charity","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["832\/2130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["832\/2130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015652","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current pulse oximeter sensors can be challenged in working accurately and continuously in situations of reduced periphery perfusion, especially among anaesthetised patients. A novel tracheal photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor has been developed in an effort to address the limitations of current pulse oximeters. The sensor has been designed to estimate oxygen saturation (SpO2) and pulse rate, and has been manufactured on a flexible printed circuit board (PCB) that can adhere to a standard endotracheal (ET) tube. A pilot clinical trial was carried out as a feasibility study on 10 anaesthetised patients. Good quality PPGs from the trachea were acquired at red and infrared wavelengths in all patients. The mean SpO2 reading for the ET tube was 97.1% (SD 1.0%) vs. the clinical monitor at 98.7% (SD 0.7%). The mean pulse rate for the ET sensor was 65.4 bpm (SD 10.0 bpm) vs. the clinical monitor at 64.7 bpm (SD 9.9 bpm). This study supports the hypothesis that the human trachea could be a suitable monitoring site of SpO2 and other physiological parameters, at times where the periphery circulation might be compromised.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/bios9040119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,2]],"date-time":"2019-10-02T08:17:54Z","timestamp":1570004274000},"page":"119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Novel Photoplethysmography Sensor for Vital Signs Monitoring from the Human Trachea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8659-756X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James M.","family":"May","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Biomedical Engineering, City, University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin P.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Biomedical Engineering, City, University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tracey","family":"Fitchat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barts and the London NHS Trust, London E1 1BB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8197-2092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shankar","family":"Ramaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barts and the London NHS Trust, London E1 1BB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saowarat","family":"Snidvongs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barts and the London NHS Trust, London E1 1BB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2868-485X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panayiotis A.","family":"Kyriacou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Biomedical Engineering, City, University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurpra.2007.02.021","article-title":"Pulse oximetry: Uses and limitations","volume":"3","author":"DeMeulenaere","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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