{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T08:32:02Z","timestamp":1778574722681,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":277,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioTech"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 1938, Corneille Heymans received the Nobel Prize in physiology for discovering that oxygen sensing in the aortic arch and carotid sinus was mediated by the nervous system. The genetics of this process remained unclear until 1991 when Gregg Semenza while studying erythropoietin, came upon hypoxia-inducible factor 1, for which he obtained the Nobel Prize in 2019. The same year, Yingming Zhao found protein lactylation, a posttranslational modification that can alter the function of hypoxia-inducible factor 1, the master regulator of cellular senescence, a pathology implicated in both post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The genetic correlation between PTSD and CVD has been demonstrated by many studies, of which the most recent one utilizes large-scale genetics to estimate the risk factors for these conditions. This study focuses on the role of hypertension and dysfunctional interleukin 7 in PTSD and CVD, the former caused by stress-induced sympathetic arousal and elevated angiotensin II, while the latter links stress to premature endothelial cell senescence and early vascular aging. This review summarizes the recent developments and highlights several novel PTSD and CVD pharmacological targets. They include lactylation of histone and non-histone proteins, along with the related biomolecular actors such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1\u03b1, erythropoietin, acid-sensing ion channels, basigin, and Interleukin 7, as well as strategies to delay premature cellular senescence by telomere lengthening and resetting the epigenetic clock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biotech12020038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T02:27:04Z","timestamp":1684204024000},"page":"38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Recent Developments in Protein Lactylation in PTSD and CVD: Novel Strategies and Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3836-7209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zisis","family":"Kozlakidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization (IARC\/WHO), 69372 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ganna","family":"Abarbanel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patton State Hospital, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Napa State Hospital, Napa, CA 94558, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2406-715X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adonis","family":"Sfera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patton State Hospital, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2013.139","article-title":"Senescent cells spread the word: Non-cell autonomous propagation of cellular senescence","volume":"32","author":"Tasdemir","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0156-2","article-title":"Unmasking senescence: Context-dependent effects of SASP in cancer","volume":"19","author":"Faget","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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