{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T21:30:01Z","timestamp":1789767001016,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioTech"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ocular surface is a complex structure that includes cornea, conjunctiva, limbus, and tear film, and is critical for maintaining visual function. When the ocular-surface integrity is altered by a disease, conventional therapies usually rely on topical drops or tissue replacement with more invasive procedures, such as corneal transplants. However, in the last years, regeneration therapies have emerged as a promising approach to repair the damaged ocular surface by stimulating cell proliferation and restoring the eye homeostasis and function. This article reviews the different strategies employed in ocular-surface regeneration, including cell-based therapies, growth-factor-based therapies, and tissue-engineering approaches. Dry eye and neurotrophic keratopathy diseases can be treated with nerve-growth factors to stimulate the limbal stem-cell proliferation and the corneal nerve regeneration, whereas conjunctival autograft or amniotic membrane are used in subjects with corneal limbus dysfunction, such as limbal stem-cell deficiency or pterygium. Further, new therapies are available for patients with corneal endothelium diseases to promote the expansion and migration of cells without the need of corneal keratoplasty. Finally, gene therapy is a promising new frontier of regeneration medicine that can modify the gene expression and, potentially, restore the corneal transparency by reducing fibrosis and neovascularization, as well as by stimulating stem-cell proliferation and tissue regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biotech12020048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T02:02:20Z","timestamp":1686880940000},"page":"48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Ocular-Surface Regeneration Therapies for Eye Disorders: The State of the Art"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Matteo","family":"Posarelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Paul\u2019s Eye Unit, Department of Corneal Diseases, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8YE, UK"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8961-242X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Eye Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester, NHS Trust, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Tucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Ophthalmology, S. Maria Della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2617-0289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Giannaccare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Gr\u00e6cia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6826-7957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Scorcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Gr\u00e6cia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Taloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Gr\u00e6cia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8534-6817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Pagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Paul\u2019s Eye Unit, Department of Corneal Diseases, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8YE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3976-242X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Borgia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Paul\u2019s Eye Unit, Department of Corneal Diseases, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8YE, UK"},{"name":"Eye Unit, Humanitas-Gradenigo Hospital, 10153 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4391","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0770","article-title":"The Ocular Surface: The Challenge to Enable and Protect Vision: The Friedenwald Lecture","volume":"48","author":"Gipson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. 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