{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:10:57Z","timestamp":1791504657806,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["140181\/2023-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["140181\/2023-7"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)","award":["140181\/2023-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["140181\/2023-7"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioTech"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Herbal medicines can be promising for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms. This study aimed to evaluate Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) hydroalcoholic extract (RHE) regarding its phytochemical composition and potential for eliminating polymicrobial biofilm of Candida albicans with multidrug-resistant bacteria (Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The extraction and quantification of the extract (flavonoids and phenols) were performed, and its antioxidant activity (DPPH) and the presence of bio-active compounds were investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography with Diode Array Detection (HPLC-DAD) and Gas Chromatography\u2013Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) were determined, and the extract\u2019s action on polymicrobial biofilms was evaluated using the MTT assay. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey\u2019s tests, as well as Kruskal\u2013Wallis and Dunn\u2019s tests, with a significance level of 5%. RHE showed compatible amounts of flavonoids and phenols, with an EC50 of 19.53 \u00b5g\/mL. Through HPLC-DAD and GC-MS, biomolecules such as rosmarinic acid and \u03b1-Pinene were identified. The extract exhibited microbicidal activity and antibiofilm action, with reduction percentages of up to 69.6% (p &lt; 0.05), showing superior performance compared to 0.12% chlorhexidine against C. albicans + A. baumannii. In conclusion, RHE may be a promising therapeutic agent against multidrug-resistant pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biotech14030061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T07:45:31Z","timestamp":1755071131000},"page":"61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Rosemary Extract: Phytochemical Composition and Potential for Eliminating Polymicrobial Biofilm of Candida albicans and Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tuana Mendon\u00e7a Faria","family":"Cintra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (ICT-UNESP), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12245-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel Teles de","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (ICT-UNESP), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12245-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3166-8180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara Steffany","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (ICT-UNESP), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12245-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5283-7935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leticia","family":"de Miguel Nazario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (ICT-UNESP), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12245-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1146-6896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro Wang","family":"Hantao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry\u2014University of Campinas LCGC Separations Group, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8065-5618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Marcucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (ICT-UNESP), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12245-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9956-7768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciane Dias de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (ICT-UNESP), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12245-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3297-2288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa Marques","family":"Meccatti-Domiciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (ICT-UNESP), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12245-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators (2022). 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