{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:53:05Z","timestamp":1790790785692,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioTech"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Argemone mexicana L. is considered a weed; however, it contains secondary metabolites that can control phytopathogenic fungi in vitro, with the potential to adapt its effectiveness in the field. In the present study, leaf extracts of A. mexicana (hexane and methanol) were prepared, and their chemical profiles were analyzed using gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The in vitro antifungal activity of each extract was evaluated at different concentrations (500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 mg L\u22121) against phytopathogens such as Monilinia fructicola, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Based on their chemical profiles, 14 compounds were identified in the hexanic extract, and 11 compounds were identified in the methanolic extract. These compounds included those with antifungal activity, such as Benzene; 1.3-bis(1.1-dimethylethyl)-; pentanoic acid; 5-hydroxy-, 2,4-di-1-butylphenyl esters; 1,2,4-Triazol-4-amine; and N-(2-thienylmethyl). The hexanic extract demonstrated fungistatic activity on the four fungi tested, while the methanolic extract exhibited fungicidal activity against C. gloeosporioides and F. oxysporum. The results of the Probit analysis showed variations in the sensitivity of phytopathogenic fungi to the treatments evaluated. In M. fructicola, the hexane extract presented an EC50 of 317,146 mg L\u22121 and an EC90 of 400,796 mg L\u22121. For C. gloeosporioides, the EC50 was 2676 mg L\u22121 and the EC90 was 888,177 mg L\u22121, while in F. oxysporum an EC50 of 34,274 mg L\u22121 and an EC90 of 1528 mg L\u22121 were estimated. In the case of S. sclerotiorum, an EC50 of 560 mg L\u22121 and an EC90 of 7776 mg L\u22121 were obtained. Finally, for the commercial fungicide Captan\u00ae, an EC50 of 1.19 mg L\u22121 and an EC90 of 1.67 mg L\u22121. These results suggest that extracts from A. mexicana could provide a natural alternative for the control of phytopathogenic fungi.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biotech14040082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T03:44:39Z","timestamp":1761795879000},"page":"82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Extracts of Argemone mexicana L. Contain Antifungal Compounds for the In Vitro Control of Monilinia fructicola, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: Preliminary Evidence for Field Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0307-1651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iridiam","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Soto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad Km. 1, Rancho Universitario, Tulancingo de Bravo 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3061-2297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Ju\u00e1rez-Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bot\u00e1nica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, Coahuila, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6812-2221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Madariaga-Navarrete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad Km. 1, Rancho Universitario, Tulancingo de Bravo 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9000-1378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashutosh","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Bioingenier\u00eda, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Tecnol\u00f3gico de Monterrey Campus Quer\u00e9taro, Av. Epigmenio Gonz\u00e1lez, Fracc., San Pablo 76130, Quer\u00e9taro, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3098-0487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio de Jesus","family":"Cenobio-Galindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad Km. 1, Rancho Universitario, Tulancingo de Bravo 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Manuel","family":"Pinedo-Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Agronom\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, km 15.5 Carretera Zacatecas-Guadalajara, Zacatecas 98170, Zacatecas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8357-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aracely","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad Km. 1, Rancho Universitario, Tulancingo de Bravo 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2592-6689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alma Delia","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad Km. 1, Rancho Universitario, Tulancingo de Bravo 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-821394-0.00007-X","article-title":"Phytopathogenic fungi and their biocontrol applications","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fungi Bio-Prospects in Sustainable Agriculture, Environment and Nano-Technology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Liberto, M.G., Stegmayer, M.I., Fern\u00e1ndez, L.N., Quiroga, A.D., Svetaz, L.A., and Derita, M.G. (2023). Control of Brown Rot Produced by Monilinia fructicola in Peaches Using a Full-Spectrum Extract of Zuccagnia punctata Cav. 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