{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:05:53Z","timestamp":1787504753304,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioTech"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a morphogenetic pathway widely employed in the commercial micropropagation of plants. This route enables the generation of somatic embryos from somatic tissues, which give rise to complete (bipolar) plants that develop like zygotic embryos. SE can proceed via direct or indirect pathways, and both approaches have been adapted not only for large-scale clonal propagation but also for the regeneration of genetically modified plants. In this context, SE can be harnessed as a versatile platform for recombinant protein production, including vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins, by combining plant tissue culture with genetic transformation strategies. Successful examples include non-model plants, as Daucus carota and Eleutherococcus senticosus expressing the cholera and heat-labile enterotoxin B subunits, respectively; Oryza sativa, Nicotiana tabacum, and Medicago sativa producing complex proteins such as human serum albumin (HSA), \u03b11-antitrypsin (AAT), and monoclonal antibodies. However, challenges remain in optimizing transformation efficiency, scaling up bioreactor-based suspension cultures, and ensuring proper post-translational modifications under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards. Recent advances in synthetic biology, modular vector design, and glycoengineering have begun to address these limitations, improving control over transcriptional regulation and protein quality. This review highlights the application of SE as a biotechnological route for recombinant protein production, discusses current challenges, and presents innovative strategies and perspectives for the development of sustainable plant-derived biopharmaceutical systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biotech14040093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T11:43:22Z","timestamp":1764157402000},"page":"93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Somatic Embryogenesis: A Biotechnological Route in the Production of Recombinant Proteins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2477-4612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco A.","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Mosqueda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos-INIFAP, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad No. 400, Rancho las Cruces, Tepatitl\u00e1n de Morelos 47600, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2855-4561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge David","family":"Cadena-Zamudio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos-INIFAP, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad No. 400, Rancho las Cruces, Tepatitl\u00e1n de Morelos 47600, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5947-7212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Cruz-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Prolongaci\u00f3n Oriente 6, No. 1009, Orizaba 94340, Veracruz, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9695-7901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Aguirre-Noyola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos-INIFAP, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad No. 400, Rancho las Cruces, Tepatitl\u00e1n de Morelos 47600, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Barb\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda de las Plantas, Universidad Central \u201cMarta Abreu\u201d de Las Villas, Carretera a Camajuan\u00ed km 5.5, Santa Clara 54830, Villa Clara, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"G\u00f3mez-Kosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones de la Ca\u00f1a de Az\u00facar (INICA Villa Clara), Ranchuelo 10400, Villa Clara, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7965-1679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Angulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology & Vaccinology Group and Laboratorio Nacional CONAHCYT de Generaci\u00f3n de Vacunas Veterinarias y Servicios de Diagn\u00f3stico (LNC-GVD), Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas del Noroeste, S.C., Av. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz 23096, Baja California Sur, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2019.07.011","article-title":"Evolution, initiation, and diversity in early plant embryogenesis","volume":"50","author":"Radoeva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2014.07.005","article-title":"Somatic embryogenesis\u2014Stress-induced remodeling of plant cell fate","volume":"1849","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gene Regul. Mech."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aflaki, F., Gutzat, R., and Mozgov\u00e1, I. (2022). Chromatin during plant regeneration: Opening towards root identity?. Curr. Opin. 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