{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T03:11:44Z","timestamp":1790824304521,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP23485416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP23485416"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioTech"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The transition to low-carbon energy systems requires scalable and energy-efficient routes for producing liquid biofuels that are compatible with existing fuel infrastructures. This review focuses on bio-oil production from phototrophic microorganisms, highlighting their high biomass productivity, rapid growth, and inherent capacity for carbon dioxide fixation as key advantages over conventional biofuel feedstocks. Recent progress in thermochemical conversion technologies, particularly hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and fast pyrolysis, is critically assessed with respect to their suitability for wet and dry algal biomass, respectively. HTL enables direct processing of high-moisture biomass while avoiding energy-intensive drying, whereas fast pyrolysis offers high bio-oil yields from lipid-rich feedstocks. In parallel, catalytic upgrading strategies, including hydrodeoxygenation and related hydroprocessing routes, are discussed as essential steps for improving bio-oil stability, heating value, and fuel compatibility. Beyond conversion technologies, innovative biological and biotechnological strategies, such as strain optimization, stress induction, co-cultivation, and synthetic biology approaches, are examined for their role in tailoring biomass composition and enhancing bio-oil precursors. The integration of microalgal cultivation with wastewater utilization is briefly considered as a supporting strategy to reduce production costs and improve overall sustainability. Overall, this review emphasizes that the effective coupling of advanced thermochemical conversion with targeted biological optimization represents the most promising pathway for scalable bio-oil production from phototrophic microorganisms, positioning algal bio-oil as a viable contributor to future low-carbon energy systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biotech15010011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T11:14:07Z","timestamp":1769426047000},"page":"11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Bio-Oil from Phototrophic Microorganisms: Innovative Technologies and Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7133-6546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenzhegul","family":"Bolatkhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi 71, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5612-1002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ardak B.","family":"Kakimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi 71, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Geology and Oil-Gas Business Institute Named After K. Turyssov, Satbayev University, Satpaev 22, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4572-2416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bolatkhan K.","family":"Zayadan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi 71, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7128-8361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akbota","family":"Kabayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Satpaev 2, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandugash K.","family":"Sandybayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi 71, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Geology and Oil-Gas Business Institute Named After K. Turyssov, Satbayev University, Satpaev 22, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliyam A.","family":"Dauletova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi 71, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Tomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arts and Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.09.068","article-title":"Bio-oil from microalgae: Materials, production, technique, and future","volume":"10","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.05.055","article-title":"Mixotrophic Cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris Using Industrial Dairy Waste as an Organic Carbon Source","volume":"118","author":"Abreu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresour. 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