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In this context, microalgae have emerged as a potential solution due to their rich biochemical composition, including high-quality proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and pigments. This study investigates the variation in microalgal growth and biochemical composition over a light:dark cycle, with a focus on the night period. Batch experiments were performed with eight Chlorella vulgaris cultures over a 7-day period. On the seventh day, biomass samples were collected at four time points in four-hour intervals and stored for subsequent biochemical analyses. During the eight-hour dark period, biomass, carbohydrate, and total chlorophyll concentrations decreased by 9%, 12.5%, and 14.4%, respectively. After four hours of light exposure, these parameters increased significantly by 6%, 15.4%, and 12.7%, respectively. Total protein, carotenoids, and fatty acid contents remained relatively stable throughout the evaluated cycle, although variations were observed in the carotenoid profile. During the dark phase, zeaxanthin decreased by 38.0%, whereas violaxanthin increased by 27.2%, suggesting complementary pigment interconversion consistent with xanthophyll cycle activity. Overall, these results highlight the importance of optimising harvesting time to enhance the production of target compounds in a sustainable production of microalgal biomass.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biotech15030064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T13:03:27Z","timestamp":1786021407000},"page":"64","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Night-Time Biomass and Compositional Dynamics in Chlorella vulgaris: Optimisation of Harvesting Time"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5632-6642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Pires","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1686-3850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Casal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE\u2014Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T\u00e2nia G.","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2738-5102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 C. M.","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LEPABE\u2014Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, ALiCE\u2014Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sar\u0131ta\u015f, S., Kalkan, A.E., Y\u0131lmaz, K., Gurdal, S., G\u00f6ksan, T., Witkowska, A.M., Lombardo, M., and Karav, S. 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