{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T04:41:55Z","timestamp":1786250515863,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009882","name":"Regione Lombardia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["6035549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6035549"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009882","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["6035549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6035549"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/020dw9k11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioTech"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microalgae are recognized as sustainable biofactories for metabolites relevant to nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and marine drug applications. Nannochloropsis salina is notable for its production of bioactive lipids, including the pharmaceutically relevant omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Here, we evaluated orange peel extract (OPE), a citrus by-product, as a substrate for mixotrophic cultivation of N. salina within a bioeconomy framework. OPE supplementation triggered dose-dependent physiological responses. Among the tested OPE concentrations, 5% supplementation resulted in the highest total fatty acid content, increasing fatty acids from 24.4% (control) to 30.6% and EPA from 6.4% to 9.8%, whereas 10% OPE maintained biomass pigmentation. Higher OPE levels enhanced antioxidant potential, raising total antioxidant capacity from 4.6 (control) to 6.7 mg\/g vitamin C equivalents (with 10% OPE), while the highest concentrations induced metabolic stress, reducing biomass and altering lipid composition. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses revealed biochemical adjustments consistent with metabolic reorganization, including increased intensities of the amide I and II bands associated with protein-rich structures. Overall, OPE emerges as a cost-effective supplement capable of modulating the biochemical quality of N. salina while valorizing agro-industrial residues. The increases in EPA and antioxidant capacity support the potential of OPE-supplemented cultures as a platform for the production of marine-derived bioactive compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biotech15030065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:00:43Z","timestamp":1786118443000},"page":"65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Orange Peel-Derived Carbon Sources on Nannochloropsis salina Mixotrophic Cultivation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4139-1492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Esposito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche \u201cGiulio Natta\u201d, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Luigi Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2355-6744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Aldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Luigi Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5443-0661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology (INET), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0487-7964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Gandolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche \u201cGiulio Natta\u201d, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Ottolina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche \u201cGiulio Natta\u201d, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7052-9634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Secundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche \u201cGiulio Natta\u201d, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.08.002","article-title":"Health Applications of Bioactive Compounds from Marine Microalgae","volume":"93","year":"2013","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.3390\/md12031641","article-title":"The Challenge of Ecophysiological Biodiversity for Biotechnological Applications of Marine Microalgae","volume":"12","author":"Barra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.2216\/15-60.1","article-title":"The Phylogeny of the Genus Nannochloropsis (Monodopsidaceae, Eustigmatophyceae), with Descriptions of N. australis sp. nov. and Microchloropsis gen. nov","volume":"54","author":"Fawley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phycologia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, A., Briskey, D., Nalley, J.O., and Ganuza, E. (2020). Omega-3 Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Rich Extract from the Microalga Nannochloropsis Decreases Cholesterol in Healthy Individuals: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Three-Month Supplementation Study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061869"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navalho, S., Ferrer-Ledo, N., Barbosa, M.J., and Varela, J. (2025). Nannochloropsis Lipids and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Potential Applications and Strain Improvement. Mar. Drugs, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/md23030128"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.Y., Moon, H., Kwon, Y.M., Kim, K.W., and Kim, J.Y.H. (2024). Comparative Analysis of the Biochemical and Molecular Responses of Nannochloropsis Gaditana to Nitrogen and Phosphorus Limitation: Phosphorus Limitation Enhances Carotenogenesis. Mar. Drugs, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/md22120567"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.103919","article-title":"Microalgae of the Genus Nannochloropsis: Chemical Composition and Functional Implications for Human Nutrition","volume":"68","author":"Zanella","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b12-00187","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Violaxanthin Isolated from Microalga Chlorella Ellipsoidea in RAW 264.7 Macrophages","volume":"35","author":"Soontornchaiboon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., Huang, L., Gao, B., and Zhang, C. (2018). Optimum Production Conditions, Purification, Identification, and Antioxidant Activity of Violaxanthin from Microalga Eustigmatos Cf. Polyphem (Eustigmatophyceae). Mar. Drugs, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/md16060190"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.3390\/md9050819","article-title":"Antiproliferative Activity of Violaxanthin Isolated from Bioguided Fractionation of Dunaliella Tertiolecta Extracts","volume":"9","author":"Pasquet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.3390\/md8092526","article-title":"TFA and EPA Productivities of Nannochloropsis Salina Influenced by Temperature and Nitrate Stimuli in Turbidostatic Controlled Experiments","volume":"8","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2016.02.001","article-title":"Heterotrophic Cultivation of Nannochloropsis Salina for Enhancing Biomass and Lipid Production","volume":"10","author":"Marudhupandi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115320","article-title":"Valorization of Environmental-Burden Waste towards Microalgal Metabolites Production","volume":"227","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2014.08.109","article-title":"Use of Orange Peel Extract for Mixotrophic Cultivation of Chlorella Vulgaris: Increased Production of Biomass and FAMEs","volume":"171","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900200","DOI":"10.1002\/star.201900200","article-title":"Fruit Wastes as Promising Sources of Starch: Extraction, Properties, and Applications","volume":"72","author":"Kringel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Starch-St\u00e4rke"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2023.117023","article-title":"Optimizing Extraction of Antioxidative Biostimulant from Waste Onion Peels for Microalgae Cultivation via Response Surface Model","volume":"286","author":"Suparmaniam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726-022-00213-y","article-title":"Prospects of Multiproduct Algal Biorefineries Involving Cascading Processing of the Biomass Employing a Zero-Waste Approach","volume":"8","author":"Malik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Pollut. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2023.101479","article-title":"Lalawmpuii Coupling Bioremediation and Biorefinery Prospects of Microalgae for Circular Economy","volume":"22","author":"Chhandama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1139\/m62-029","article-title":"Studies of Marine Planktonic Diatoms: I. Cyclotella Nana Hustedt, and Detonula Confervacea (Cleve) Gran","volume":"8","author":"Guillard","year":"1962","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64628-7","article-title":"Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Chemometrics for Simultaneous Monitoring of Cell Concentration, Chlorophyll and Fatty Acids in Nannochloropsis Oceanica","volume":"10","author":"Bertinetto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2014.02.037","article-title":"Evaluation and Optimization of Two Stage Sequential in Situ Transesterification Process for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Quantification from Microalgae","volume":"68","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4052","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-021-03690-x","article-title":"Comparative Response of Marine Microalgae to H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress","volume":"193","author":"Barone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2024.103362","article-title":"The Effects of Trophic Mode and Medium Composition on the Biochemical Profile and Antioxidant Capacity of Tetraselmis Chuii (CCAP 66\/21B)","volume":"61","author":"Conlon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2015.06.400","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Some Moroccan Marine Microalgae: Pufa Profiles, Carotenoids and Phenolic Content","volume":"215","author":"Maadane","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"F4.3.1","article-title":"Chlorophylls and Carotenoids: Measurement and Characterization by UV-VIS Spectroscopy","volume":"1","author":"Lichtenthaler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Food Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2012.05.003","article-title":"Rapid Quantification of Reducing Sugars in Biomass Hydrolysates: Improving the Speed and Precision of the Dinitrosalicylic Acid Assay","volume":"44","author":"Wood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paini, J., Midolo, G., Valenti, F., and Ottolina, G. (2025). One-Pot Combined Hydrodistillation of Industrial Orange Peel Waste for Essential Oils and Pectin Recovery: A Multi-Objective Optimization Study. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17010293"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tardiolo, G., Nicol\u00f2, M.S., Drago, C., Genovese, C., Fava, G., Gugliandolo, C., and D\u2019Antona, N. (2023). Orange Peel Waste as Feedstock for the Production of Glycerol-Free Biodiesel by the Microalgae Nannochloropsis Oculata. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28196846"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2014.09.003","article-title":"Lipid Productivity and Cell Wall Ultrastructure of Six Strains of Nannochloropsis: Implications for Biofuel Production and Downstream Processing","volume":"6","author":"Beacham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2017.11.017","article-title":"Economical DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid) Production from Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101 Using Orange Peel Extract and Low Cost Nitrogen Sources","volume":"29","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00363-12","article-title":"The Response of Nannochloropsis Gaditana to Nitrogen Starvation Includes De Novo Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerols, a Decrease of Chloroplast Galactolipids, and Reorganization of the Photosynthetic Apparatus","volume":"12","author":"Simionato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2014.06.047","article-title":"Evaluation of the Potential of 9 Nannochloropsis Strains for Biodiesel Production","volume":"167","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0144-4565(87)90006-0","article-title":"Lipid and Biomass Production by the Halotolerant Microalga Nannochloropsis Salina","volume":"12","author":"Boussiba","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biomass"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richmond, A., and Hu, Q. (2013). Environmental Effects on Cell Composition. Handbook of Microalgal Culture, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118567166"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112546","article-title":"Microalgal Photosynthesis Induces Alkalization of Aquatic Environment as a Result of H+ Uptake Independently from CO2 Concentration\u2014New Perspectives for Environmental Applications","volume":"289","author":"Zerveas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2018.03.008","article-title":"Luxury Uptake of Phosphorus in Nannochloropsis Salina: Effect of P Concentration and Light on P Uptake in Batch and Continuous Cultures","volume":"134","author":"Sforza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-019-01999-z","article-title":"Development of a Monitoring Tool Based on Fluorescence and Climatic Data for Pigments Profile Estimation in Dunaliella Salina","volume":"32","author":"Ramos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-019-1462-3","article-title":"Heterologous Synthesis of Chlorophyll b in Nannochloropsis Salina Enhances Growth and Lipid Production by Increasing Photosynthetic Efficiency","volume":"12","author":"Koh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2022.102853","article-title":"Functional Characterization of Carotenogenic Genes Provides Implications into Carotenoid Biosynthesis and Engineering in the Marine Alga Nannochloropsis Oceanica","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2015.09.025","article-title":"Influence of Nutrient Status on the Accumulation of Biomass and Lipid in Nannochloropsis salina and Dunaliella salina","volume":"106","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paterson, S., G\u00f3mez-Cort\u00e9s, P., De La Fuente, M.A., and Hern\u00e1ndez-Ledesma, B. (2023). Bioactivity and Digestibility of Microalgae Tetraselmis sp. and Nannochloropsis sp. as Basis of Their Potential as Novel Functional Foods. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020477"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.11.043","article-title":"Carotenoid Profiling of Five Microalgae Species from Large-Scale Production","volume":"120","author":"Casini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sathasivam, R., and Ki, J.-S. (2018). A Review of the Biological Activities of Microalgal Carotenoids and Their Potential Use in Healthcare and Cosmetic Industries. Mar. Drugs, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/md16010026"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2013.03.026","article-title":"Effects of Salinity on Growth and Lipid Accumulation of Biofuel Microalga Nannochloropsis Salina and Invading Organisms","volume":"54","author":"Bartley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.01.125","article-title":"Enhanced Growth and Lipid Production of Microalgae under Mixotrophic Culture Condition: Effect of Light Intensity, Glucose Concentration and Fed-Batch Cultivation","volume":"110","author":"Cheirsilp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-004-5520-1","article-title":"Effects of Organic Carbon Sources on Cell Growth and Eicosapentaenoic Acid Content of Nannochloropsis sp.","volume":"16","author":"Fang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-998-0057-0","article-title":"Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid Production Potential of Microalgae and Their Heterotrophic Growth","volume":"75","author":"Vazhappilly","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40529-015-0085-7","article-title":"Lipid Accumulation in Response to Nitrogen Limitation and Variation of Temperature in Nannochloropsis Salina","volume":"56","author":"Fakhry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bot. Stud."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.03.056","article-title":"Cultivation of Nannochloropsis Salina Using Anaerobic Digestion Effluent as a Nutrient Source for Biofuel Production","volume":"108","author":"Cai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3170-1","article-title":"The Effect of Light, Salinity, and Nitrogen Availability on Lipid Production by Nannochloropsis sp.","volume":"90","author":"Pal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.02.100","article-title":"Acclimation of Nannochloropsis Gaditana to Different Illumination Regimes: Effects on Lipids Accumulation","volume":"102","author":"Simionato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganuza, E., Etomi, E.H., Olson, M., and Whisner, C.M. (2024). Omega-3 Eicosapentaenoic Polar-Lipid Rich Extract from Microalgae Nannochloropsis Decreases Plasma Triglycerides and Cholesterol in a Real-World Normolipidemic Supplement Consumer Population. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1293909"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7339","DOI":"10.3390\/md13127069","article-title":"Carotenoids, Phenolic Compounds and Tocopherols Contribute to the Antioxidative Properties of Some Microalgae Species Grown on Industrial Wastewater","volume":"13","author":"Safafar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haoujar, I., Cacciola, F., Abrini, J., Mangraviti, D., Giuffrida, D., Oulad El Majdoub, Y., Kounnoun, A., Miceli, N., Fernanda Taviano, M., and Mondello, L. (2019). The Contribution of Carotenoids, Phenolic Compounds, and Flavonoids to the Antioxidative Properties of Marine Microalgae Isolated from Mediterranean Morocco. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24224037"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2018.07.013","article-title":"Effect of Glucose on Growth and Fatty Acid Composition of an Euryhaline Eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis Oceanica under Mixotrophic Culture Condition","volume":"3","author":"Mitra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2024.103455","article-title":"Optimization of a Chlorella\u2013Saccharomyces Co\u2013Culture System for Enhanced Metabolite Productivity","volume":"79","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Algal Res."}],"container-title":["BioTech"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-6284\/15\/3\/65\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T04:14:39Z","timestamp":1786248879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-6284\/15\/3\/65"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["biotech15030065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biotech15030065","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-6284"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-6284","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]}}}