{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T13:25:43Z","timestamp":1786973143887,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jalisco Scientific Development Fund","award":["10605-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10605-2023"]}]},{"name":"Jalisco Scientific Development Fund","award":["11947-2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11947-2025"]}]},{"name":"Consejo Estatal de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda del Estado de Jalisco"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioTech"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Halotolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria offer a sustainable strategy to improve crop performance under saline conditions. This study evaluated Agave tequilana Weber var. Azul leaf juice was used as an alternative growth medium for Kocuria sediminis AS04, and the bacterium\u2019s ability to alleviate salt stress in chiltepin (Capsicum annuum) was evaluated. The chiltepin seedlings were grown in a specialized chamber and exposed to higher salt levels (200, 400, and 600 mM NaCl) for 10 days. During this time, the protective effect of K. sediminis AS04, which was held in a polymer film, was examined. K. sediminis AS04 grew well in a medium containing 25% agave juice and urea, reaching a density of 1.3 \u00d7 1010 CFU mL\u22121. Compared with conventional Tryptic Soy Broth, the medium formulated from agave leaf juice and urea could reduce the cost per kilogram of biomass by approximately 4-fold. Under severe salinity stress, plants inoculated with immobilized K. sediminis at 600 mM NaCl exhibited the highest shoot biomass (0.31 g\u22121 plant), root length (50.7 mm), and proline accumulation (11.25 \u00b5mol g\u22121 fresh weight), whereas uninoculated plants displayed reduced biomass (0.16 g plant\u22121) and shorter roots (34.5 mm). At 600 mM NaCl, inoculation increased shoot biomass, root length, and plant survival by approximately 94%, 47%, and 200%, respectively, compared with uninoculated seedlings. This method values agro-industrial waste and enhances chiltepin performance under high-salinity conditions. It promotes sustainable production and helps create affordable inoculants for agricultural biotechnology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biotech15030067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T12:01:26Z","timestamp":1786968086000},"page":"67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Valorization of Agave Leaf Juice for Optimized Kocuria sediminis AS04 Production and Its Delivery via Immobilized Films to Mitigate Saline Stress in Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4693-0766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Estefania","family":"Cabrera-Muro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Tecnolog\u00eda Ambiental, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Asistencia en Tecnolog\u00eda y Dise\u00f1o del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ), Normalistas No. 800, Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara C.P. 44270, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9264-5655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa Mar\u00eda","family":"Camacho-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Biotecnolog\u00eda Industrial, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Asistencia en Tecnolog\u00eda y Dise\u00f1o del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ), Camino Arenero No. 1227, El Baj\u00edo del Arenal, Zapopan C.P. 45019, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3004-5758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel Angel","family":"Lorenzo-Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Tecnolog\u00eda Ambiental, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Asistencia en Tecnolog\u00eda y Dise\u00f1o del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ), Normalistas No. 800, Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara C.P. 44270, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6015-7881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacobo","family":"Rodriguez-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Servicios Anal\u00edticos y Metrol\u00f3gicos, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Asistencia en Tecnolog\u00eda y Dise\u00f1o del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ), Normalistas No. 800, Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara C.P. 44270, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3774-0833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia Maribel","family":"Contreras-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Tecnolog\u00eda Ambiental, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Asistencia en Tecnolog\u00eda y Dise\u00f1o del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ), Normalistas No. 800, Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara C.P. 44270, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2024). Global Status of Salt-Affected Soils. Main Report, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasanuzzaman, M., and Fujita, M. (2023). Plant Responses and Tolerance to Salt Stress: Physiological and Molecular Interventions 2.0. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115740"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2024.108507","article-title":"Stress Salinity in Plants: New Strategies to Cope with in the Foreseeable Scenario","volume":"208","author":"Tejos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3103\/S0147687423050022","article-title":"Biochar Application in Saline Soils for Increasing Wheat Germination Success in Central Mexico","volume":"78","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mosc. Univ. Soil Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.20937\/ATM.2018.31.04.04","article-title":"Land Use\/Land Cover Change and Extreme Climatic Events in the Arid and Semi-Arid Ecoregions of Mexico","volume":"31","author":"Pontifes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmosfera"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-58392023000400432","article-title":"Variations in Salinity Tolerance in Wild Pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum) Populations","volume":"83","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chil. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"2","article-title":"Chile piqu\u00edn (Capsicum annuum var. Aviculare) establecido en un revestimiento de pl\u00e1stico y arreglos espaciales","volume":"11","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecosistemas Recur. Agropecu."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"64","article-title":"Ch\u00ednipas, Un Municipio Serrano Reorganiz\u00e1ndose En Torno a La Comercializaci\u00f3n de Chiltep\u00edn","volume":"34","year":"2024","journal-title":"Estud. Soc. Rev. Aliment. Contemp. Desarro. Reg."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"2642","article-title":"Differential Responses of Chiltepin (Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum) and Poblano (Capsicum annuum var. annuum) Hot Peppers to Salinity at the Plantlet Stage","volume":"11","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stress.2024.100434","article-title":"Marine Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) Inoculation Technology: Testing the Effectiveness of Different Application Methods to Improve Tomato Plants Tolerance against Acute Heat Wave Stress","volume":"11","author":"Duarte","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Stress"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acharya, B.R., Gill, S.P., Kaundal, A., and Sandhu, D. (2024). Strategies for Combating Plant Salinity Stress: The Potential of Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms. Front. Plant Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1406913"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2025.04.031","article-title":"Mitigating the Adverse Effects of Salt Stress in Pepper Plants Using Two Native Strains: Cellulosimicrobium 60I1 and Pseudomonas 42P4","volume":"181","author":"Monasterio","year":"2025","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guardado-Fierros, B.G., Lorenzo-Santiago, M.A., Gumiere, T., Aid, L., Rodriguez-Campos, J., and Contreras-Ramos, S.M. (2025). Glyphosate Biodegradation by Airborne Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria: Influence on Soil Microbiome Dynamics. Agriculture, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture15040362"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2020.12.014","article-title":"Potential for Plant Growth Promotion of Kocuria Arsenatis Strain ST19 on Tomato under Salt Stress Conditions","volume":"138","author":"Dif","year":"2021","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Berm\u00fadez D\u00edaz, A.V. (2021). Bacterias Promotoras de Crecimiento Vegetal en Sistemas de Agricultura Sostenible, AGROSAVIA. Primera edici\u00f3n."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, V., Haque, S., Niwas, R., Srivastava, A., Pasupuleti, M., and Tripathi, C.K.M. (2017). Strategies for Fermentation Medium Optimization: An in-Depth Review. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.02087"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Mora, D.J., Flores-D\u00e1valos, A.G., Lorenzo-Santiago, M.A., Guardado-Fierros, B.G., Rodriguez-Campos, J., and Contreras-Ramos, S.M. (2025). Maximizing Biomass Production and Carotenoid-like Pigments Yield in Kocuria Sediminis As04 Through Culture Optimization. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13071555"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2026, March 25). Merck Tryptic Soy Broth, General Purpose Microbial Culture Media. Available online: https:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/MX\/es\/product\/sial\/22092."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.3390\/polysaccharides2030044","article-title":"Agave By-Products: An Overview of Their Nutraceutical Value, Current Applications, and Processing Methods","volume":"2","author":"Villamiel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polysaccharides"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vassilev, N., Vassileva, M., Martos, V., Garcia del Moral, L.F., Kowalska, J., Tylkowski, B., and Malus\u00e1, E. (2020). Formulation of Microbial Inoculants by Encapsulation in Natural Polysaccharides: Focus on Beneficial Properties of Carrier Additives and Derivatives. Front. Plant Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00270"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliva-Rodr\u00edguez, A.G., Cervantes-G\u00fcicho, V.d.J., Morales-Mart\u00ednez, T.K., Rodr\u00edguez-De la Garza, J.A., Medina-Morales, M.A., Mart\u00ednez-Amador, S.Y., Reyes, A.G., and R\u00edos-Gonz\u00e1lez, L.J. (2023). Biohydrogen Gas\/Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol Production from Agave Guishe Juice as a Low-Cost Growing Medium. Fermentation, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation9090811"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.17129\/botsci.2960","article-title":"Molecular Weight Distribution of Fructans Extracted from Agave salmiana Leaves","volume":"100","author":"Plascencia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bot. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60111a017","article-title":"Colorimetric Method for Determination of Sugars and Related Substances","volume":"28","author":"Dubois","year":"1956","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.19070\/2326-3350-1400028","article-title":"Folin-Ciocalteau Reagent for Polyphenolic Assay","volume":"3","author":"Agbor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2022). An\u00e1lisis de Agua\u2014Medici\u00f3n de Carbono Org\u00e1nico Total en Aguas Naturales, Salinas, Residuales y Residuales Tratadas (Standard No. NMX-AA-187-SCFI-2021)."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-025-04337-3","article-title":"Biocontrol and Plant Growth-Promoting Activities of Airborne Bacteria","volume":"41","author":"Kirchmayr","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"152","article-title":"The Drop Plate Method as an Alternative for Azospirillum spp. Viable Cell Enumeration within the Consensus Protocol of the REDCAI Network","volume":"54","author":"Puente","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Argent. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12880","article-title":"Maintenance and Assessment of Cell Viability in Formulation of Non-Sporulating Bacterial Inoculants","volume":"11","author":"Berninger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"497","article-title":"Biodegradable Films Added with Conjugates from Residual Agave Vinasses: Chemical and Mechanical Characterization","volume":"33","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"FAO, and WHO (2022). Manual on the Development and Use of FAO and WHO Specifications for Chemical Pesticides, WHO."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2021). Standard Operating Procedure for Saturated Soil Paste Extract, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00018060","article-title":"Rapid Determination of Free Proline for Water-Stress Studies","volume":"39","author":"Bates","year":"1973","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02374789","article-title":"Rapid Assay for Determination of Water Soluble Quaternary Ammonium Compounds","volume":"70","author":"Grieve","year":"1983","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2024.101807","article-title":"Microbial Bioethanol Production from Agave tequilana Leaves Juice Sugars: Process Variable Optimization and Kinetic Modeling","volume":"25","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.135767","article-title":"Comparative Study of Four Extraction Methods of Fructans (Agavins) from Agave Durangensis: Heat Treatment, Ultrasound, Microwave and Simultaneous Ultrasound-Microwave","volume":"415","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivera, A., Pozo, M., S\u00e1nchez-Moreno, V.E., Vera, E., and Jaramillo, L.I. (2024). Pulsed Electric Field-Assisted Extraction of Inulin from Ecuadorian Cabuya (Agave americana). Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29143428"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2024.107522","article-title":"Unveiling the Biogas Potential of Raw Agave Leaf Juice: Exploring a Novel Biomass Source","volume":"193","author":"Adarme","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"275\u2500293","article-title":"Componentes Antioxidantes y Calidad Nutricional de Aguamiel de Diversos Cultivares de Agave Pulquero (Agave salmiana y A. mapisaga)","volume":"59","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polibotanica"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Extracto Acuoso de Pencas de Maguey Pulquero (Agave salmiana) Como Fuente de Fibra Diet\u00e9tica y Compuestos Con Capacidad Antioxidante","volume":"12","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Bio Cienc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acosta-Salazar, E., Fonseca-Agui\u00f1aga, R., Warren-Vega, W.M., Z\u00e1rate-Guzm\u00e1n, A.I., Z\u00e1rate-Navarro, M.A., Romero-Cano, L.A., and Campos-Rodr\u00edguez, A. (2021). Effect of Age of Agave tequilana Weber Blue Variety on Quality and Authenticity Parameters for the Tequila 100% Agave Silver Class: Evaluation at the Industrial Scale Level. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10123103"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2023.101366","article-title":"Evaluation of Agave tequilana By-Products for Microbial Production of Hyaluronic Acid","volume":"21","author":"Toriz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3844\/ajabssp.2024.23.36","article-title":"Characterization of Fructan Content from Stem Juices of Different Varieties of Agave Atrovirens, Traditionally Used for the Production of Pulque. Production of a Sweetening Syrup by Chemical and Enzymatic Processing","volume":"19","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Agric. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, M.L., and Wyman, C.E. (2021). Elucidation of Native California Agave americana and Agave Deserti Biofuel Potential: Compositional Analysis. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252201"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2025.103668","article-title":"Optimization of Bacterial Biomass Production Using Soybean Molasses-Based Medium as a Potential Component for Bean Crop Inoculant Development","volume":"67","author":"Burkert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo, K.J., Lee, S.K., and Liu, C.T. (2020). Development of a Low-Cost Culture Medium for the Rapid Production of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhodopseudomonas palustris Strain PS3. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236739"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.201411296","article-title":"Bacterial Responses to Osmotic Challenges","volume":"145","author":"Wood","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.01.030","article-title":"Stressed out: Bacterial Response to High Salinity Using Compatible Solute Biosynthesis and Uptake Systems, Lessons from Vibrionaceae","volume":"19","author":"Gregory","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13306","article-title":"Assessing the Individual Microbial Inhibitory Capacity of Different Sugars against Pathogens Commonly Found in Food Systems","volume":"71","author":"Mizzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.23.5.766","article-title":"In Vitro Study of Bacterial Growth Inhibition in Concentrated Sugar Solutions: Microbiological Basis for the Use of Sugar in Treating Infected Wounds","volume":"23","author":"Chirife","year":"1983","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00430-18","article-title":"High Osmolarity Modulates Bacterial Cell Size through Reducing Initiation Volume in Escherichia Coli","volume":"3","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2023.102170","article-title":"Physiological and Regulatory Convergence between Osmotic and Nutrient Stress Responses in Microbes","volume":"81","author":"Brauer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno-Le\u00f3n, G.R., Avila-Reyes, S.V., Villalobos-Espinosa, J.C., Camacho-D\u00edaz, B.H., Tapia-Maruri, D., Jim\u00e9nez-Aparicio, A.R., Arenas-Ocampo, M.L., and Solorza-Feria, J. (2023). Effect of Agave Fructans on Changes in Chemistry, Morphology and Composition in the Biomass Growth of Milk Kefir Grains. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11061570"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01127-5","article-title":"Robust Estimation of Bacterial Cell Count from Optical Density","volume":"3","author":"Beal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22897-4","article-title":"Optimization and Multiple in Vitro Activity Potentials of Carotenoids from Marine Kocuria sp. RAM1","volume":"12","author":"Metwally","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19127","DOI":"10.1590\/s2175-97902020000419127","article-title":"Analysis of the Applicative Potential of Pigments Extracted from Bacterial Isolates of Mangrove Soil as Topical UV Protectants","volume":"57","author":"Patki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2025.144397","article-title":"Evaluating Nitrogen Sources for Enhanced Halophilic Bacteria Growth, Electron Transfer, and Microbial Fuel Cell Performance","volume":"378","author":"Christwardana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105703","article-title":"Urea Is a Drop-in Nitrogen Source Alternative to Ammonium Sulphate in Yarrowia Lipolytica","volume":"25","author":"Konzock","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.48.4.755-757.1984","article-title":"Bacterial Dry Matter Content and Biomass Estimations","volume":"48","author":"Bratbak","year":"1984","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"417","article-title":"Evaluation of the Production Cost of Neotropical Ectomycorrhizal Inoculants Based on Spores","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agr\u00edc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghizdareanu, A.I., Pasarin, D., Banu, A., Ionita, A., Enascuta, C.E., and Vlaicu, A. (2023). Accelerated Shelf-Life and Stability Testing of Hydrolyzed Corn Starch Films. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15040889"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herison, C., Putri, Y.E., Hasanudin, H., and Rustikawati, R. (2024). Growth and Yield Responses of Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to Salinity Stress. Proceedings of the International Agriculture Meeting 2023 (IAM-23), Atlantis Press.","DOI":"10.2991\/978-94-6463-510-2_11"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0016-8025.2001.00808.x","article-title":"Comparative Physiology of Salt and Water Stress","volume":"25","author":"Munns","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelkhalik, A., Abd El-Mageed, T.A., Mohamed, I.A.A., Semida, W.M., Al-Elwany, O.A.A.I., Ibrahim, I.M., Hemida, K.A., El-Saadony, M.T., AbuQamar, S.F., and El-Tarabily, K.A. (2023). Soil Application of Effective Microorganisms and Nitrogen Alleviates Salt Stress in Hot Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) Plants. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1079260"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13909","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.13909","article-title":"Inoculation of ACC Deaminase-Producing Endophytic Bacteria down-Regulates Ethylene-Induced Pathogenesis-Related Signaling in Red Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under Salt Stress","volume":"175","author":"Trivedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, S., and Pandey, S. (2019). ACC Deaminase Producing Bacteria with Multifarious Plant Growth Promoting Traits Alleviates Salinity Stress in French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Plants. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01506"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, M., Jiang, Z., Zhou, F., and Wang, Z. (2023). From Salty to Thriving: Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria as Nature\u2019s Allies in Overcoming Salinity Stress in Plants. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1169809"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65720-y","article-title":"Enhancing Drought Stress Tolerance and Growth Promotion in Chiltepin Pepper (Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum) through Native Bacillus spp.","volume":"14","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14633","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14633","article-title":"Pepper Growth Promotion and Biocontrol against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria by Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis Formulations","volume":"11","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.08.070","article-title":"Plant Growth Promotion and Alleviation of Salinity Stress in Capsicum annuum L. by Bacillus Isolated from Saline Soil in Xinjiang","volume":"164","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1007\/s11756-022-01171-y","article-title":"Functionality of Fructosphere Bacteria Kocuria Sediminis Strain AC3 in Plant Growth Promotion and Biodegradation of the Acephate in Grape Berries","volume":"77","author":"Ranade","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2020.104023","article-title":"A Novel PGPR Strain Kocuria Rhizophila Y1 Enhances Salt Stress Tolerance in Maize by Regulating Phytohormone Levels, Nutrient Acquisition, Redox Potential, Ion Homeostasis, Photosynthetic Capacity and Stress-Responsive Genes Expression","volume":"174","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1080\/17429145.2013.871650","article-title":"Delineating Kocuria Turfanensis 2M4 as a Credible PGPR: A Novel IAA-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Saline Desert","volume":"9","author":"Goswami","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Plant Interact."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, H.T.T., Das Bhowmik, S., Long, H., Cheng, Y., Mundree, S., and Hoang, L.T.M. (2021). Rapid Accumulation of Proline Enhances Salinity Tolerance in Australian Wild Rice Oryza Australiensis Domin. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10102044"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ha-Tran, D.M., Nguyen, T.T.M., Hung, S.-H., Huang, E., and Huang, C.-C. (2021). Roles of Plant Growth-promoting Rhizobacteria (Pgpr) in Stimulating Salinity Stress Defense in Plants: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202103.0041.v1"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annunziata, M.G., Ciarmiello, L.F., Woodrow, P., Dell\u2019aversana, E., and Carillo, P. (2019). Spatial and Temporal Profile of Glycine Betaine Accumulation in Plants under Abiotic Stresses. Front. Plant Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00230"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.3906\/bot-2002-28","article-title":"The Role of BADH Gene in Oxidative, Salt, and Drought Stress Tolerances of White Clover","volume":"44","author":"Demirkol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, N., Pu, K., Ding, D., Yang, Y., Niu, T., Li, J., and Xie, J. (2023). Foliar Spraying of Glycine Betaine Alleviated Growth Inhibition, Photoinhibition, and Oxidative Stress in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Seedlings under Low Temperatures Combined with Low Light. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12132563"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Y., Yang, P., Li, J., Yang, Y., Yang, R., Fu, H., and Li, J. (2024). Brassinosteroids Alleviate Salt Stress by Enhancing Sugar and Glycine Betaine in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Plants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13213029"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2005.12.006","article-title":"Roles of Glycine Betaine and Proline in Improving Plant Abiotic Stress Resistance","volume":"59","author":"Ashraf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI13955-19","article-title":"Contribution of Glycine Betaine and Proline to Water Deficit Tolerance in Pepper Plants","volume":"54","author":"Cach","year":"2019","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giannelli, G., Potestio, S., and Visioli, G. (2023). The Contribution of PGPR in Salt Stress Tolerance in Crops: Unravelling the Molecular Mechanisms of Cross-Talk between Plant and Bacteria. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12112197"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s44279-024-00152-w","article-title":"Glycine Betaine in Plant Responses and Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses","volume":"2","author":"Jarin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Agric."}],"container-title":["BioTech"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-6284\/15\/3\/67\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T12:42:01Z","timestamp":1786970521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-6284\/15\/3\/67"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["biotech15030067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biotech15030067","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-6284"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-6284","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]]}}}