{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:42:55Z","timestamp":1760236975839,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This research was funded by PETERMAX-M\u00dcLLER-STIFTUNG, Hannover, Germany. Florian Lange received funding from the German National Academic Foundation and the FWO and European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska","award":["665501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["665501"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Isolated dystonia manifests with involuntary muscle hyperactivity, but the extent of cognitive impairment remains controversial. We examined the executive functions in blepharospasm while accounting for motor symptom-related distractions as a factor often limiting the interpretability of neuropsychological studies in dystonia. Our control group comprised of patients with hemifacial spasm, which is a condition producing similar motor symptoms without any central nervous system pathology. Nineteen patients with blepharospasm and 22 patients with hemifacial spasm completed a flanker task. Stimulus congruency on the current trial, on the preceding trial, and a response sequence served as independent variables. We analyzed the response time and accuracy. Gross overall group differences were not discernible. While congruency, congruency sequence, and response sequence exerted the expected effects, no group differences emerged with regard to these variables. A difference between patients with blepharospasm and those with hemifacial spasm consisted in longer reaction times when responses had to be repeated following stimulus incongruency on the preceding trial. We conclude that patients with blepharospasm seem to have difficulties in repeating their responses when incongruency on preceding trials interferes with habit formation or other forms of fast routes to action. Our specific finding may provide an opportunity to study altered basal ganglia plasticity in focal dystonia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10020076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T11:28:31Z","timestamp":1580729311000},"page":"76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Flanker Task Performance in Isolated Dystonia (Blepharospasm): A Focus on Sequential Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Max","family":"Pekrul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Stra\u00dfe 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Seer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Stra\u00dfe 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Movement Control &amp; Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"LBI\u2014KU Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8336-5608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Stra\u00dfe 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Behavioral Engineering Research Group, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 69, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Dressler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Stra\u00dfe 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Movement Disorders Section, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Stra\u00dfe 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8358-1303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Kopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Stra\u00dfe 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25475","article-title":"Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: A consensus update","volume":"28","author":"Albanese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. 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