{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:50:50Z","timestamp":1788306650646,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stress hyperglycemia and hyperlactatemia are commonly referred to as markers of stress severity and poor outcome in children with severe acute illness or febrile seizures. Our prospective study aimed to explore the risk factors for stress hyperglycemia and the predictive value of stress hyperglycemia for febrile seizure recurrence. We evaluated as risk factors for blood glucose level, serum lactate, acid\u2013base status, and the clinical parameters relevant to the severity of the infectious context or to febrile seizure event: fever degree, fever duration, seizure type and aspect, seizure duration, and recurrence. Among 166 febrile seizures events in 128 children, the prevalence of stress hyperglycemia (blood glucose &gt;140 mg\/dl) was 16.9%. The comparison of the stress versus non-stress hyperglycemia groups revealed lower pH (median (interquartile range): 7.46 (7.37, 7.53) vs. 7.48 (7.42, 7.53), p = 0.049), higher lactate levels (30.50 mg\/dl (15, 36) vs. 19.50 mg\/dl (15, 27), p = 0.000), slightly lower HCO3 (20.15 (20.20, 21.45) vs. 21.35 (20, 22.40), p = 0.020) in the stress hyperglycemia group. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that prolonged febrile seizures (&gt;15 min), recurrent febrile seizure (&gt;1 seizure), focal seizure type, body temperature \u226539.5 \u00b0C and higher lactate values were significantly associated with stress hyperglycemia. These findings suggest a particular acute stress reaction in febrile seizures, with stress hyperglycemia playing an important role, particularly in patients with a recurrent seizure pattern. A more complex future approach linking pathogenic mechanisms and genetic traits would be advised and could provide further clues regarding recurrence pattern and individualized treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10030131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]],"date-time":"2020-02-28T09:30:36Z","timestamp":1582882236000},"page":"131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Stress Hyperglycemia as Predictive Factor of Recurrence in Children with Febrile Seizures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2651-2007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca Maria","family":"Costea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Telemedicine Center for Neurological Diseases in Children, Pediatric Clinical Hospital Sibiu, 550166 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University, 550024 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9284-597X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ionela","family":"Maniu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Telemedicine Center for Neurological Diseases in Children, Pediatric Clinical Hospital Sibiu, 550166 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Lucian Blaga University, 550012 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luminita","family":"Dobrota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University, 550024 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2573-621X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Neamtu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Telemedicine Center for Neurological Diseases in Children, Pediatric Clinical Hospital Sibiu, 550166 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University, 550024 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Computer and Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Lucian Blaga University Sibiu, 550025 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60553-5","article-title":"Stress hyperglycaemia","volume":"373","author":"Dungan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-9029","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Diabetes Association Consensus Statement on Inpatient Glycemic Control","volume":"32","author":"Moghissi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-016-0054-5","article-title":"Generation of Febrile Seizures and Subsequent Epileptogenesis","volume":"32","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Marik, P.E. (2016). Chapter 76\u2014Endocrinology of the Stress Response During Critical Illness. Critical Care Nephrology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12514","article-title":"Stress hyperglycemia: An essential survival response!","volume":"17","author":"Marik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.5935\/0103-507X.20140011","article-title":"Assessment and treatment of hyperglycemia in critically ill patients","volume":"26","author":"Viana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ter. Intensiva"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2217\/14750708.4.1.97","article-title":"Mechanism underlying stress-induced hyperglycemia in critical ill children","volume":"4","author":"Kajbaf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Therapy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000034509.14906.AE","article-title":"Inflammatory Cytokine Concentrations Are Acutely Increased by Hyperglycemia in Humans","volume":"106","author":"Esposito","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e3182604998","article-title":"Abnormalities in glucose homeostasis in critically ill children","volume":"14","author":"Bhutia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatric Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bar-Or, D., Rael, L.T., Madayag, R.M., Banton, K.L., Tanner, A., Acuna, D.L., Lieser, M.J., Marshall, G.T., Mains, C.W., and Brody, E. (2019). Stress Hyperglycemia in Critically Ill Patients: Insight Into Possible Molecular Pathways. Front. Med.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00054"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e3181ef0488","article-title":"Extreme stress hyperglycemia during acute illness in a pediatric emergency department","volume":"26","author":"Weiss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics Emerg. Care"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI13727","article-title":"Acute hyperglycemia induces an oxidative stress in healthy subjects","volume":"108","author":"Marfella","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-019-0410-5","article-title":"Oxidative stress and adipokine levels were significantly correlated in diabetic patients with hyperglycemic crises","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.05.011","article-title":"The evolutionary benefit of insulin resistance","volume":"31","author":"Soeters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9100","article-title":"Bench-to-bedside review: Glucose and stress conditions in the intensive care unit","volume":"14","author":"Losser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfq053","article-title":"Hyperglycaemia protects the heart after myocardial infarction: Aspects of programmed cell survival and cell death","volume":"12","author":"Malfitano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-128-2-645","article-title":"Gram-negative infection increases noninsulin-mediated glucose disposal","volume":"128","author":"Lang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.2.15.3056766","article-title":"In vivo glucose utilization by individual tissues during nonlethal hypermetabolic sepsis","volume":"2","author":"Meszaros","year":"1988","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"119","article-title":"Reexamining cancer metabolism: Lactate production for carcinogenesis could be the purpose and explanation of the Warburg Effect","volume":"38","author":"Brooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Ronco, C., Bellomo, R., Kellum, J., and Ricci, Z. (2019). Critical Care Nephrology, Elsevier Health Sciences. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.121652","article-title":"Glycolysis in energy metabolism during seizures","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00274","article-title":"Impairments in Oxidative Glucose Metabolism in Epilepsy and Metabolic Treatments Thereof","volume":"12","author":"McDonald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guidelines for epidemiologic studies on epilepsy (1993). Commission on Epidemiology and Prognosis, International League against Epilepsy. Epilepsia, 34, 592\u2013596.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1993.tb00433.x"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/cc14045","article-title":"Defining fever: Likelihood of infection diagnosis as a function of body temperature in the emergency department","volume":"18","author":"Small","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Higgins, C. (2019, October 23). Lactate and Lactic Acidosis. Available online: https:\/\/acutecaretesting.org\/-\/media\/acutecaretesting\/files\/pdf\/lactate-and-lactic-acidosis.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Higgins, C. (2019, October 23). Central Venous Blood Gas. Available online: https:\/\/acutecaretesting.org\/-\/media\/acutecaretesting\/files\/pdf\/central-venous-blood-gas-analysis.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2002.016261","article-title":"Correlation of simultaneously obtained capillary, venous and arterial blood gases of patients in a paediatric intensive care unit","volume":"89","author":"Yildizds","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2007.046979","article-title":"Comparison of arterial and venous pH, bicarbonate, PCO2 and PO2 in initial emergency department assessment","volume":"24","author":"Malatesha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1737.74274","article-title":"Comparison and agreement between venous and arterial gasanalysis in cardiopulmonary patients in Kashmir valley of the Indian subcontinent","volume":"6","author":"Koul","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.140.11.1122","article-title":"Correlation of central venous and arterial blood gas measurements in mechanically ventilated trauma patients","volume":"140","author":"Malinoski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2006.035915","article-title":"Agreement between arterial and central venous values for bicarbonate base excess and lactate","volume":"23","author":"Middleton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Higgins, C. (2019, October 23). Lactate Measurement: Arterial Versus Venous Blood Sampling. Available online: https:\/\/acutecaretesting.org\/en\/articles\/lactate-measurement-arterial-versus-venous-blood-sampling."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12225","article-title":"Peripheral venous and arterial blood gas analysis in adults: Are they comparable? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Byrne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Theodore, A.C. (2019, October 23). Venous Blood Gases and Other Alternatives to Arterial Blood Gases. Up to Date. Available online: https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/venous-blood-gases-and-other-alternatives-to-arterial-blood-gases\/print."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Gunnerson, K.J. (2019, October 23). Lactic Acidosis. Available online: https:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/167027-#a4."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Nicks, B.A. (2019, October 23). Acute Lactic Acidosis Overview. Available online: https:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/768159-overview."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Cohen, R., and Woods, H. (1976). Clinical and Biochemical Aspects of Lactic Acidosis, Blackwell Scientific Publications."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199201000-00020","article-title":"Lactic acidosis in critical illness","volume":"20","author":"Mizock","year":"1992","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group (2006). WHO Child Growth Standards: Length\/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length, Weight-for-Height and Body Mass Index-for-Age: Methods and Development, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073815597757","article-title":"Children Experiencing First-Time or Prolonged Febrile Seizure Are Prone to Stress Hyperglycemia","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altman, D.G. (1991). Practical Statistics for Medical Research, Chapman & Hall.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429258589"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1080\/080352501750258658","article-title":"High prevalence of stress hyperglycemia in children with febrile seizures and traumatic injuries","volume":"90","author":"Valerio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1115-0","article-title":"Non-Diabetic Hyperglycemia in the Pediatric Age: Why, How, and When to Treat?","volume":"18","author":"Fattorusso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e31823aba17","article-title":"Utility of laboratory tests for children in the emergency department with a first seizure","volume":"27","author":"Chou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatric Emerg. Care"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Brinkman, J.E., and Sharma, S. (2019). Physiology, Respiratory Alkalosis. [Updated 2019 Jun 23]. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing. Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK482117\/."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.68.4.492","article-title":"The effect of temperature reduction on respiratory rate in febrile illnesses","volume":"68","author":"Laurence","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1535-7511.2007.00158.x","article-title":"Respiratory alkalosis: \"basic\" mechanism of febrile seizures?","volume":"7","author":"Mazarati","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1422","article-title":"Experimental febrile seizures are precipitated by hyperthermia-induced respiratory alkalosis","volume":"12","author":"Schuchmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.06.012","article-title":"Etiology and therapeutic approach to elevated lactate levels","volume":"88","author":"Andersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-6576.2003.00115.x","article-title":"Lactic acidosis following convulsions","volume":"47","author":"Lipka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197710132971502","article-title":"Natural history of lactic acidosis after grand-mal seizures. A model for the study of an anion-gap acidosis not associated with hyperkalemia","volume":"297","author":"Orringer","year":"1977","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.022764","article-title":"Effects of respiratory alkalosis on human skeletal muscle metabolism at the onset of submaximal exercise","volume":"544","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Lewis, R. (2019, October 23). Childhood Febrile Seizures Linked to Epilepsy, Psych Disorders\u2014Medscape\u20148 October 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.medscape.com\/viewarticle\/919571."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dreier, J.W., Li, J., Sun, Y., and Christensen, J. (2019). Evaluation of Long-term Risk of Epilepsy, Psychiatric Disorders, and Mortality among Children with Recurrent Febrile Seizures. JAMA Pediatrics.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.3343"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2019.15.4.555","article-title":"Association Analysis of Interleukin-1\u03b2, Interleukin-6, and HMGB1 Variants with Postictal Serum Cytokine Levels in Children with Febrile Seizure and Generalized Epilepsy with Febrile Seizure Plus","volume":"15","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-018-1284-6","article-title":"Serum Interleukin-6 Levels in Children with Febrile Seizures","volume":"55","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1179069517704668","article-title":"The Effect of Quercetin on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in a Prenatally Stressed Rat Model of Febrile Seizures","volume":"11","author":"Mkhize","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2018.04.023","article-title":"Cytokine levels in febrile seizure patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Kwon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(89)90003-1","article-title":"Simultaneous recording of local electrical activity, partial oxygen tension and temperature in the rat hippocampus with a chamber- type microelectrode. Effects of anaesthesia, ischemia and epilepsy","volume":"28","author":"Freund","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1977.tb10665.x","article-title":"Cerebral metabolic changes during prolonged epileptic seizures in rats","volume":"28","author":"Chapman","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1940060509","article-title":"Effect of hypoxia on bicuculline seizures of rat: NMR spectroscopy and bioluminescence imaging","volume":"6","author":"Kloiber","year":"1993","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059829","article-title":"Protective role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in hypoxia-induced generalized seizure","volume":"292","author":"Yamada","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Somjen, G.G., and Tombaugh, G.C. (1998). pH modulation of neuronal excitability and central nervous system functions. pH Brain Funct., 373\u2013393."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20070687","article-title":"Lactate favours the dissociation of skeletal muscle 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase tetramers down-regulating the enzyme and muscle glycolysis","volume":"408","author":"Zancan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2005.06.011","article-title":"Regulation of human erythrocyte metabolism by insulin: Cellular distribution of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase and its implication for red blood cell function","volume":"86","author":"Zancan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2007.01.018","article-title":"Clotrimazole inhibits and modulates heterologous association of the key glycolytic enzyme 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase","volume":"73","author":"Zancan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/345347a0","article-title":"Proton inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in cerebellar neurons","volume":"345","author":"Traynelis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.05.008","article-title":"Targeting ASIC1a reduces innate fear and alters neuronal activity in the fear circuit","volume":"62","author":"Coryell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2132","article-title":"Seizure termination by acidosis depends on ASIC1a","volume":"11","author":"Ziemann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosmidis, I., Nikolaidis, S., Chatzis, A., Christoulas, K., Metaxas, T., and Mougios, V. (2019). Reliability of the Urine Lactate Concentration after Alternating-Intensity Interval Exercise. Proceedings, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/proceedings2019025001"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234812","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/234812","article-title":"L(+) and D(-) lactate are increased in plasma and urine samples of type 2 diabetes as measured by a simultaneous quantification of L(+) and D(-) lactate by reversed-phase liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"2012","author":"Scheijen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"1183","article-title":"CSF glucose concentrations in infants with febrile convulsions and the possible effect of Acetaminophen","volume":"40","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"176","article-title":"Correlations between Acetaminophen Consumption and CSF Glucose in febrile convulsions","volume":"13","author":"Ehsanipoor","year":"2011","journal-title":"JK Sci."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/10\/3\/131\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:02:03Z","timestamp":1760173323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/10\/3\/131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci10030131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci10030131","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]]}}}