{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T01:43:51Z","timestamp":1790905431352,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-02470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-02470"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-01873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-01873"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016670","name":"Region \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIO-700931"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIO-700931"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016670","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Social touch is important for interpersonal interaction. Gentle touch and slow brushing are typically perceived as pleasant, the degree of pleasantness is linked to the activity of the C-tactile (CT) fibers, a class of unmyelinated nerves in the skin. The inability to experience pleasure in general is called anhedonia, a common phenomenon in the chronic pain condition fibromyalgia. Here, we studied the perception and cortical processing of gentle touch in a well-characterized cohort of fibromyalgia. Patients and controls participated in functional brain imaging while receiving tactile stimuli (brushing) on the forearm. They were asked to provide ratings of pleasantness of the tactile stimulus and ongoing pain. We found high distress, pain catastrophizing, and insomnia, and a low perceived state of health in fibromyalgia. Further, patients rated both slow (CT-optimal) and fast (CT-suboptimal) brushing as less pleasant than healthy participants. While there was no difference in brain activity during touch, patients showed deactivation in the right posterior insula (contralateral to the stimulated arm) during pleasantness rating and activation during pain rating. The opposite pattern was observed in healthy participants. Voxel-based morphometry analysis revealed reduced grey matter density in patients, in the bilateral hippocampus and anterior insula. Our results suggest anhedonia to gentle touch in fibromyalgia with intact early-stage sensory processing but dysfunctional evaluative processing. These findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying anhedonia in fibromyalgia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10050306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T11:34:14Z","timestamp":1589801654000},"page":"306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Anhedonia to Gentle Touch in Fibromyalgia: Normal Sensory Processing but Abnormal Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2803-3069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Boehme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Link\u00f6ping University, 58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), 58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helene","family":"van Ettinger-Veenstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), 58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"},{"name":"Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, 58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e5kan","family":"Olausson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Link\u00f6ping University, 58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), 58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Link\u00f6ping University, 58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4316-1264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Gerdle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), 58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"},{"name":"Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, 58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8773-8232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad S.","family":"Nagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Link\u00f6ping University, 58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Link\u00f6ping University, 58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330203","article-title":"The American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria for the Classification of Fibromyalgia. Report of the Multicenter Criteria Committee","volume":"33","author":"Wolfe","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780380104","article-title":"The prevalence and characteristics of fibromyalgia in the general population","volume":"38","author":"Wolfe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.05.001","article-title":"Discriminative and affective touch: Sensing and feeling","volume":"82","author":"McGlone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2312","article-title":"Coding of pleasant touch by unmyelinated afferents in humans","volume":"12","author":"Wessberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1018","article-title":"Slow brushing reduces heat pain in humans","volume":"21","author":"Liljencrantz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4065","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.211326","article-title":"Allodynia mediated by C-tactile afferents in human hairy skin","volume":"589","author":"Nagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24065","article-title":"Hyperexcitable C nociceptors in fibromyalgia","volume":"75","author":"Serra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ENEURO.0138-15.2016","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0138-15.2016","article-title":"Touch Perception Altered by Chronic Pain and by Opioid Blockade","volume":"3","author":"Case","year":"2016","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.08.013","article-title":"Somatotopic organization of the processing of muscle and cutaneous pain in the left and right insula cortex: A single-trial fMRI study","volume":"128","author":"Henderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9314","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0400-09.2009","article-title":"Somatotopic organization of gentle touch processing in the posterior insular cortex","volume":"29","author":"Bjornsdotter","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23223","article-title":"Dynamic levels of glutamate within the insula are associated with improvements in multiple pain domains in fibromyalgia","volume":"58","author":"Harris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.08.012","article-title":"2016 Revisions to the 2010\/2011 fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria","volume":"46","author":"Wolfe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.10.008","article-title":"AAPT Diagnostic Criteria for Fibromyalgia","volume":"20","author":"Arnold","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1997.tb10164.x","article-title":"Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD): Some psychometric data for a Swedish sample","volume":"96","author":"Lisspers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","article-title":"The hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"67","author":"Zigmond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(01)00296-3","article-title":"The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. An updated literature review","volume":"52","author":"Bjelland","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(00)00065-4","article-title":"Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research","volume":"2","author":"Bastien","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.5.601","article-title":"The Insomnia Severity Index: Psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response","volume":"34","author":"Morin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.12.004","article-title":"The Catalan version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale: A useful instrument to assess catastrophic thinking in whiplash patients","volume":"9","author":"Miro","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.7.4.524","article-title":"The Pain catastrophizing scale: Development and validation","volume":"7","author":"Sullivan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.13246","article-title":"Factor structure and internal consistency of a Swedish version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale","volume":"63","author":"Kemani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EuroQol (1990). EuroQol: A new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy, 16, 199\u2013208.","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8510(90)90421-9"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8510(96)00822-6","article-title":"EuroQol: The current state of play","volume":"37","author":"Brooks","year":"1996","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(96)00271-7","article-title":"Mapping visual analogue scale health state valuations onto standard gamble and time trade-off values","volume":"44","author":"Dolan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018","article-title":"Unified segmentation","volume":"26","author":"Ashburner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9554","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0397-11.2011","article-title":"Vicarious responses to social touch in posterior insular cortex are tuned to pleasant caressing speeds","volume":"31","author":"Morrison","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.11.022","article-title":"Brain responses to visceral stimuli reflect visceral sensitivity thresholds in patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"142","author":"Larsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S128508","article-title":"Evidence of both systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation in fibromyalgia patients, as assessed by a multiplex protein panel applied to the cerebrospinal fluid and to plasma","volume":"10","author":"Backryd","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7257681","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7257681","article-title":"Elevated Levels of Eotaxin-2 in Serum of Fibromyalgia Patients","volume":"2018","author":"Furer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2014.01.009","article-title":"Fibromyalgia and cytokines","volume":"161","author":"Howard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.05.008","article-title":"The Relationship of Endocannabinoidome Lipid Mediators With Pain and Psychological Stress in Women With Fibromyalgia: A Case-Control Study","volume":"19","author":"Stensson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.06.006","article-title":"Neurobiology of fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain","volume":"338","author":"Sluka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000633","article-title":"Endogenous opioidergic dysregulation of pain in fibromyalgia: A PET and fMRI study","volume":"157","author":"Schrepf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"H\u00e4user, W., and Perrot, S. (2018). Small nerve fiber pathology. Fibromylagia Syndrome and Widespread Pain\u2014From Construction to Relevant Recognition, Wolters Kluwer."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"H\u00e4user, W., and Perrot, S. (2018). Muscle. Fibromyalgia Syndrome and Widespread Pain\u2014From Construction to Relevant Recognition, Wolters Kluwer."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.09.018","article-title":"Brain glial activation in fibromyalgia\u2014A multi-site positron emission tomography investigation","volume":"75","author":"Albrecht","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.03.018","article-title":"Evidence of dysfunctional pain inhibition in Fibromyalgia reflected in rACC during provoked pain","volume":"144","author":"Jensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olausson, P., Gerdle, B., Ghafouri, N., Larsson, B., and Ghafouri, B. (2012). Identification of proteins from interstitium of trapezius muscle in women with chronic myalgia using microdialysis in combination with proteomics. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052560"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11894","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11894","article-title":"Protein alterations in women with chronic widespread pain\u2014An explorative proteomic study of the trapezius muscle","volume":"5","author":"Olausson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadrevi, J., Ghafouri, B., Larsson, B., Gerdle, B., and Hellstrom, F. (2013). Multivariate modeling of proteins related to trapezius myalgia, a comparative study of female cleaners with or without pain. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073285"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200112000-00005","article-title":"Quantitative sensory testing in fibromyalgia patients and in healthy subjects: Identification of subgroups","volume":"17","author":"Hurtig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.09.011","article-title":"The neurophysiology of unmyelinated tactile afferents","volume":"34","author":"Olausson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Croy, I., Bierling, A., Sailer, U., and Ackerley, R. (2020). Individual variability of pleasantness ratings to stroking touch over different velocities. Neuroscience, in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.03.030"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5486","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22565","article-title":"Processing of nociceptive input from posterior to anterior insula in humans","volume":"35","author":"Frot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-010-0255-z","article-title":"A link between the systems: Functional differentiation and integration within the human insula revealed by meta-analysis","volume":"214","author":"Kurth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00462","article-title":"Beyond the tripartite cognition\u2013emotion\u2013interoception model of the human insular cortex","volume":"26","author":"Uddin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cognit. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2019.00043","article-title":"The organization of the primate insular cortex","volume":"13","author":"Evrard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2555","article-title":"How do you feel\u2014Now? The anterior insula and human awareness","volume":"10","author":"Craig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.12.006","article-title":"A psychophysical study of auditory and pressure sensitivity in patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls","volume":"9","author":"Geisser","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.2174\/157339711102150702112236","article-title":"Editorial review (thematic issue: An update on central sensitivity syndromes and the issues of nosology and psychobiology)","volume":"11","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pollok, B., Krause, V., Legrain, V., Ploner, M., Freynhagen, R., Melchior, I., and Schnitzler, A. (2010). Differential effects of painful and non-painful stimulation on tactile processing in fibromyalgia syndrome and subjects with masochistic behaviour. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015804"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.06.003","article-title":"Deficient modulation of pain by a positive emotional context in fibromyalgia patients","volume":"154","author":"Kamping","year":"2013","journal-title":"PAIN\u00ae"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e318226c3fd","article-title":"Thermal detection and pain thresholds but not pressure pain thresholds are correlated with psychological factors in women with chronic whiplash-associated pain","volume":"28","author":"Wallin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grundstr\u00f6m, H., Larsson, B., Arendt-Nielsen, L., Gerdle, B., and Kj\u00f8lhede, P. (2020). Pain catastrophizing is associated with pain thresholds for heat, cold and pressure in women with chronic pelvic pain. Scand. J. Pain, in press.","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2020-0015"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/s10880-011-9263-2","article-title":"The relationship between the fear-avoidance model of pain and personality traits in fibromyalgia patients","volume":"18","author":"Medina","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol. Med. Settings"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.02.030","article-title":"Repetition-induced activity-related summation of pain in patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"152","author":"Lambin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burri, A., Ogata, S., Rice, D., and Williams, F. (2018). Pain catastrophizing, neuroticism, fear of pain, and anxiety: Defining the genetic and environmental factors in a sample of female twins. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194562"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.06.002","article-title":"Gray matter abnormalities associated with fibromyalgia: A meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometric studies","volume":"46","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.05.010","article-title":"Striatal grey matter increase in patients suffering from fibromyalgia\u2014A voxel-based morphometry study","volume":"132","author":"Luerding","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3181a32da0","article-title":"Decreased gray matter volumes in the cingulo-frontal cortex and the amygdala in patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"71","author":"Burgmer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2013.07.011","article-title":"Structural alterations in brainstem of fibromyalgia syndrome patients correlate with sensitivity to mechanical pressure","volume":"3","author":"Fallon","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2013.08.015","article-title":"Fibromyalgia interacts with age to change the brain","volume":"3","author":"Ceko","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.10.045","article-title":"Prospective reports of chronic life stress predict decreased grey matter volume in the hippocampus","volume":"35","author":"Gianaros","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3283300fbc","article-title":"Duration of posttraumatic stress disorder predicts hippocampal grey matter loss","volume":"20","author":"Felmingham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.08.017","article-title":"Traumatic experiences, major life stressors, and self-reporting a physician-given fibromyalgia diagnosis","volume":"177","author":"Haviland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(00)00397-7","article-title":"The impact of life events in female patients with fibromyalgia and in female healthy controls","volume":"15","author":"Anderberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3969","article-title":"The dorsal posterior insula subserves a fundamental role in human pain","volume":"18","author":"Segerdahl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16324","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2087-10.2010","article-title":"Anterior insula integrates information about salience into perceptual decisions about pain","volume":"30","author":"Wiech","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2014.01.001","article-title":"Central sensitization in fibromyalgia? A systematic review on structural and functional brain MRI","volume":"44","author":"Cagnie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1758998313515191","article-title":"Test\u2013retest reliability and validity of normative cut-offs of the two devices measuring touch threshold: Weinstein Enhanced Sensory Test and Pressure-Specified Sensory Device","volume":"19","author":"Uddin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hand Ther."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.01.041","article-title":"Quantitative sensory testing in the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain (DFNS): Standardized protocol and reference values","volume":"123","author":"Rolke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12857","article-title":"Electrochemical Skin Conductance and Quantitative Sensory Testing on Fibromyalgia","volume":"20","author":"Pickering","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Pract."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.10.029","article-title":"Multisensory hypersensitivity in women with fibromyalgia: Implications for well being and intervention","volume":"92","author":"Wilbarger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabilit."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1054\/jpai.2001.25533","article-title":"The effect of maximal exercise on temporal summation of second pain (windup) in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Vierck","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000732","article-title":"Comparing Novel and Existing Measures of Sensitivity to Physical Activity Among People With Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain","volume":"35","author":"Uddin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1039\/C9AN01609K","article-title":"Glutamate sensing in biofluids: Recent advances and research challenges of electrochemical sensors","volume":"145","author":"Schultz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9615","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0329-15.2015","article-title":"Prefrontal and striatal glutamate differently relate to striatal dopamine: Potential regulatory mechanisms of striatal presynaptic dopamine function?","volume":"35","author":"Gleich","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/10\/5\/306\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:29:50Z","timestamp":1760174990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/10\/5\/306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci10050306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci10050306","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]}}}