{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T15:20:12Z","timestamp":1790522412585,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are two neurodevelopmental disorders with male predominance, frequently comorbid, that share clinical and behavioral features. The incidence of ASD in patients affected by GTS was reported to be between 2.9% and 22.8%. We hypothesized that higher ASD rates among children affected by GTS previously reported may be due to difficulty in discriminating GTS sub-phenotypes from ASD, and the higher scores in the restrictive and repetitive behaviors in particular may represent at least a \u201cfalse comorbidity\u201d. We studied a large population of 720 children and adolescents affected by GTS (n = 400) and ASD (n = 320), recruited from a single center. Patients were all assessed with The Yale Global Tic Severity Rating Scale (YGTSS), The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), The Autism Diagnostic Interview Revised (ADI-R), The Children\u2019s Yale\u2013Brown Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS), and The Children\u2019s Yale\u2013Brown Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Scale for autism spectrum disorder (CY-BOCS ASD). Our results showed statistically significant differences in ADOS scores for social aspects between GTS with comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD) sub-phenotypes and ASD. No differences were present when we compared GTS with comorbid ASD sub-phenotype to ASD, while repetitive and restrictive behavior scores in ASD did not present statistical differences in the comparison with GTS and comorbid OCD and ASD sub-phenotypes. We also showed that CY-BOCS ASD could be a useful instrument to correctly identify OCD from ASD symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10050308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T11:34:14Z","timestamp":1589801654000},"page":"308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Disentangling Restrictive and Repetitive Behaviors and Social Impairments in Children and Adolescents with Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4463-098X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariangela","family":"Gulisano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Catania University, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6302-2686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Catania University, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4825-7617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Alaimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Catania University, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9431-5788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Ferro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Catania University, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9764-0295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Pulvirenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Catania University, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Cirnigliaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Catania University, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selena","family":"Di Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Catania University, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Martellino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Catania University, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Maugeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Catania University, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Chiara","family":"Milana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Catania University, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Scerbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Catania University, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3997-1328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Catania University, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American-Psychiatric-Association (2013). 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