{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:47:06Z","timestamp":1792273626322,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]],"date-time":"2020-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite considered one of the most successful pathogens in the world, owing to its ability to produce long-lasting infections and to persist in the central nervous system (CNS) in most warm-blooded animals, including humans. This parasite has a preference to invade neurons and affect the functioning of glial cells. This could lead to neurological and behavioral changes associated with cognitive impairment. Although several studies in humans and animal models have reported controversial results about the relationship between toxoplasmosis and the onset of dementia as a causal factor, two recent meta-analyses have shown a relative association with Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). AD is characterized by amyloid-\u03b2 (A\u03b2) peptide accumulation, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation. Different authors have found that toxoplasmosis may affect A\u03b2 production in brain areas linked with memory functioning, and can induce a central immune response and neurotransmitter imbalance, which in turn, affect the nervous system microenvironment. In contrast, other studies have revealed a reduction of A\u03b2 plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau protein formation in animal models, which might cause some protective effects. The aim of this article is to summarize and review the newest data in regard to different pathophysiological mechanisms of cerebral toxoplasmosis and their relationship with the development of AD and cognitive impairment. All these associations should be investigated further through clinical and experimental studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10060369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T03:17:32Z","timestamp":1592191052000},"page":"369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration by Toxoplasma gondii Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Gloria","family":"Ortiz-Guerrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7865-0527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo E.","family":"Gonzalez-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GI en Neurociencias-NeURos, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogot\u00e1 111221, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0684-1989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandra","family":"de-la-Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GI en Neurociencias-NeURos, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogot\u00e1 111221, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2874-3669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"German","family":"Medina-Rinc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GI en Neurociencias-NeURos, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogot\u00e1 111221, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8458-7862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio O.","family":"Nava-Mesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GI en Neurociencias-NeURos, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogot\u00e1 111221, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.016","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying inflammation in neurodegeneration","volume":"140","author":"Glass","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.939","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of alzheimer\u2019s disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA work group* under the auspices of department of health and human services task force on alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"McKhann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM2003ra020003","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"348","author":"Nussbaum","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. 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