{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:27:29Z","timestamp":1792290449358,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,25]],"date-time":"2020-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cerebral palsy (CP) is a set of etiologically diverse symptoms that change with the child\u2019s age. It is one of the most frequent causes of motor disability in children. CP occurs at a frequency of 1.5 to 3.0 per 1000 live-born children. CP often coexists with epilepsy, which is drug-resistant in a high number of cases. The aim of the present study was to analyze the associations between preconception, prenatal, perinatal, neonatal, and infancy risk factors for epilepsy in a group of pediatric patients with CP. We retrospectively analyzed 181 children with CP (aged 4\u201317 years at diagnosis), hospitalized at the Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Age Neurology in Katowice in the years 2008\u20132016. Division into particular types of CP was based on Ingram\u2019s classification. Data were analyzed using STATISTICA 13.0 (STATSOFT; Statistica, Tulsa, OK, USA). Epilepsy was diagnosed in 102 children (56.35%), of whom 44 (43%) had drug-resistant epilepsy; only in 15 cases (14.71%) was epilepsy susceptible to treatment. The incidence of epilepsy varied between the types of CP. It occurred significantly more often in children with tetraplegia (75%), ataxic form (83%), and mixed form (80%) in comparison to diplegia (32%) and hemiplegia (38%). Maternal hypertension was found to be a risk factor for epilepsy in CP patients (OR = 12.46, p &lt; 0.001) as well as for drug-resistant epilepsy (the odds ratio (OR) = 9.86, p = 0.040). Delivery by cesarean section increased the risk of epilepsy in the CP patients over two-fold (OR = 2.17, p = 0.012). We observed also that neonatal convulsions significantly increased the risk for epilepsy (OR = 3.04, p = 0.011) as well as drug-resistant epilepsy (OR = 4.02, p = 0.002). In conclusion, maternal hypertension, neonatal convulsions, and delivery by cesarean section were the most important factors increasing the risk of epilepsy as well as drug-resistant epilepsy in the analyzed group of patients with CP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10080481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T04:39:50Z","timestamp":1595824790000},"page":"481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Evaluation of Risk Factors for Epilepsy in Pediatric Patients with Cerebral Palsy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Sadowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Age Neurology, Upper Silesian Center for Child\u2019s Health, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0002-8591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Sarecka-Hujar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Kopyta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1017\/S001216220500112X","article-title":"Executive Committee for the Definition of Cerebral Palsy. 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Neuroradiol."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/10\/8\/481\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:51:44Z","timestamp":1760176304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/10\/8\/481"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,25]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci10080481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci10080481","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,25]]}}}